My understanding from conversations with some of villagers was that the . The Last Death-Defying Honey Hunter of Nepal One man from the Kulung culture harvests psychotropic honey that is guarded by capricious spirits and the world's largest honeybees. Overall by the end of this, we felt more like friends and part of a team rather than just being there as photographers, he said. Best Cinematography | New York Wild Film Festival Get InsideHook in your inbox. Le garantizaron que Rangkemi le permitira ir de forma segura a los riscos, y que nunca lo castigara ni a l ni a su familia por llevarse la valiosa miel. $59.88 at Walmart. Except I guess you and I dont worry about our relationship to a wrathful forest spirit. 2:28. . Speaking of these four youths, she said: "I think that we should be worried about the entire Nazi community. Most recent obituaries in Honea Path, South Carolina. Aerial Renan Ozturk, Awards Three hundred feet in the air, Mauli Dhan dangles on a bamboo rope ladder, surveying the section of granite he must climb to reach his goal: a pulsing mass of thousands of Himalayan giant honeybees. Imagine for a moment the exhilaration you'd feel gathering psychotropic honey from a massive, natural, pulsing beehive, nestled in an isolated section of the Himalayan mountains, guarded by the largest honeybees in the world. All no haba escuela; su aula fueron las empinadas terrazas de las montaas, donde pas su juventud segando hierba y criando ganado. Because hes the last honey hunter whos had the dream, this ancient tradition may not survive. You just want to give the subject a spacenot touch them, not really interfere with anything that theyre doing because it could lead to their death, he said. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. After about an hour you are overcome with an urgent need to defecate, urinate, and vomit. The journey to harvest hallucinogenic honey produced by Himalayan giant honey bees is far from easy. In their minds the capital is a foreign country, a distant neighbor of their own tiny realm. (Renan Ozturk/National Geographic), Mauli Dhan climbs a hundred feet up a bamboo rope ladder to his prize: a hive filled with neurotoxic honey. 6 years ago. Destiny 2. Through sparse, intimate musings, the farmer reveals the growing conflict of a life spent "peddling in death." Deep and dark, the film glides through a misty world of forest spirits, dreams, and . Deep and dark, this film glides through a misty world of forest spirits, dreams, and psychotropic honey. The National Geographic Magazine release of our story, The Last Honey Hunter. Suspended from bamboo ropes, these men submerge themselves in swarms of Himalayan bees in search of their prized hallucinogenic honey. But the world around them is changing so fast that the boundariesand the magicthat have long defined this ancient community are beginning to fade away. A shaman breaks an egg in front of banana-leaf altars honoring spirits that protect Mauli. 96. r/MonsterHunterWorld. This is because of a childhood dream in which he was blessed by the protective deity, Rongkemi, to do so. They carpet a crescent-shaped hive stretching almost six feet below a granite overhang. Follow along this fascinating journey with the 360 video. This did not stop Jonah, however, from killing him, meaning that Pacino is unlikely to return for another series of the show. Heres the technology that helped scientists find itand what it may have been used for. To my knowledge, were one of the only film crews ever to document anything about the Kulung. Still he winces with pain from the 20 to 40 stings he sustains on each huntand at the way his support rope digs at his underarms as he inches his way up. Mauli pokes two wooden pegs through the comb and fixes them to a thin bamboo rope that has been lowered from above by helpers. Dangling above the Hongu River, Mauli Dhan makes his way up a rope ladder, through swarming bees, as he heads for their hive. Thoughts 09.09.2011. The paralysis lasts for a day or so., I will give you some honey, he says, and you can try it for yourself.. The groundbreaking promise of cellular housekeeping. How a zoo break-in changed the life of an owl called Flaco, Naked mole rats are fertile until they die, study finds. The key to confronting agitated bees, Mauli says, is to show no fear. Heuses a bamboo rope ladder to get to the hive, where the bees guard gallons of sticky, reddish fluid known as mad honey. It sells on the Asian black market for $60 to $80 a pound thanks to its hallucinogenic properties. The shaman grabs a chicken and in one smooth motion slices off its head with a knife. from FELT SOUL MEDIA. It . With a hushed intensity, Tuvsho finds her place in the sumo ring, An animated figures world grows enigmatic when he begins to doubt reality, Pablo has a simple dream to spread joy. Death Year . Jangi is the keeper of the tools and, for the past 18 years, the brains behind the honey harvest. The weight of the rope is really challenging to have on you and you have to have enough rope to be able to escape to the ground in case you were having an allergic reaction, Ozturk said. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. A mans world? A Culinary Tour of France, With Dominique Crenn as Your Host, NFL Player Survey Reveals Leagues Worst Team and Its Not a Surprise. Release Date: 2017. And Mauli Dhan was the last person in the village to have this dream. In The Buzz Kill by Kevin Hearne, Oberon the . Only Mauli can cut the hives off the cliffs. As we sit beside the fire pit, Mauli reaches into the hip pocket of his rough wool jacket, grabs a pinch of homegrown tobacco, and deftly rolls it into a scrap of dried corn husk. Im nothing, he says, just a statue made of clay.. The final episode sees Mindy Markowitz (Carol Kane) retire from the Hunters, suggesting that the Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt actress will not be making a return if there is a Season 2. While on an assignment in the Congo, with limited access to healthcare, he had to administer an EpiPen as he felt his airways closing and his face swelling. All rights reserved. She said: "If we're lucky enough to get a Season 2, her motivations and agenda will be explored. So this hunt for honey of Himalayan honey bees could be the last one. This would mean that Hunters Season 2 would have more of an international theme, with the team in Europe, Joe in Argentina and Millie working with Congresswoman Elizabeth Handelman (Zoe Winters) setting up their own operation in the U.S. Learn all about the latest and greatest spirits. Starting in 2016, producer Ben Ayers worked with filmmakers Renan Ozturk and Ben Knight to tell the story of Mauli Dhan Rai, a 58-year-old man who has performed this exact feat since he was directed to do so in a dream at age 16. You could see its so strenuous, what he goes through. These animals can sniff it out. Here, Asdhan poses with a block of wax. Theyll process most of it into wax to be sold in Kathmandu. With the death of the last honey hunter in 2018, the tradition may be disappearing. I saw two beautiful women, he recalls. The Kulung people have remained separate from the outside world for centuries, thanks to the dense jungle surrounding their home by the Hongu River in Nepal. The honey hunters are sitting on benches around a long wooden table while hailstones pummel the tin roof above them. He doesnt see his work as remarkable; he does it because he was chosen to carry out the harvestthe Kulung believeby a spirit that came in a dream. Maule Dhan of the Kulung tribe has tasked himself with harvesting the wild honey. Not according to biology or history. Jimmie Rodgers, whose smooth voice straddled the line between pop and country and brought him a string of hits none bigger than his first record . Tequila fanatic? The sound is deafening but not loud enough to drown out their animated voices as they argue about whether they will leave for the honey harvest in the morning or cancel. The Last Honey Hunter. A politician is talking about building an airport in the area. To watch 360 video, you will need the latest version of Chrome, Opera, Firefox or Internet Explorer on your Computer. With his massive potbelly and sausage-like fingers, he stands out from the other honey hunters, who are all wiry and thin. As Asdhan carefully pulls a few remaining stingers out of Maulis face, his son pulls out a phone and takes photo after photo. Though the ending of Hunters sees Jonah (Logan Lerman) and the majority of the team in Europe, Season 2 will surely see them on the hunt for their biggest Nazi head yet. (Renan Ozturk/National Geographic), Asdhan Kulung (right) has attached ropes to a hive and holds it steady as Mauli saws it away from the rock. Instead he murmurs a Kulung mantra meant to appease the bees and the spirits that inhabit this cliff: You are Rangkemi. Yeah, Id like to have the dream, Asdhan says, but I havent, and I dont know why. He carefully places the lifeless head at Rangkemis altar and rubs some of the blood onto Maulis forehead. On Finding the Last Honey Hunter "For the Kulung, the ethnic group that lives in Saadi, for them to be able to go onto the cliff and touch the honeycomb and the honey, you have to be selected. On that day Mauli shouldered the rare and difficult burden of a honey hunter. We are with our ancestors. What if we could clean them out? The July issue ofNational Geographic magazine includes breath-taking videos along with the full piece. During the 70's, the Peace Corp had installed 2 hydro generators to provide electricity for the village. JustWatch. Its a big deal, but its not the only big deal in their lives. Please fly. Long COVID patients turn to unproven treatments, Why evenings can be harder on people with dementia, This disease often goes under-diagnosedunless youre white, This sacred site could be Georgias first national park, See glow-in-the-dark mushrooms in Brazils other rainforest, 9 things to know about Holi, Indias most colorful festival, Anyone can discover a fossil on this beach. The last honey hunter, Mauli Dhan, is retiring. THE LAST HONEY HUNTER FELT SOUL MEDIA THE LAST HONEY HUNTER from FELT SOUL MEDIA on Vimeo. The Last Honey Hunter (Behind the Scenes) ft. Renan Ozturk and Mark Synnott The North Face 480K subscribers Subscribe 26K 2.6M views 5 years ago Renan Ozturk and Mark Synnott travel to Nepal. . He didn't even use a harness. July 9, 2018. With each move toward the hive, the holds get smaller and farther apart. Three hundred feet in the air, Mauli Dhan dangles on a bamboo rope ladder, surveying the section of granite he must climb to reach his goal: a pulsing mass of thousands of Himalayan giant honeybees. The Last Death-Defying Honey Hunter of Nepal, is an article from National Geographic's March 2017 edition.. Renan Ozturk, National Geographic Photographer, and his team follow the journey of Mauli Dhan as he spends all day suspended hundreds of feet above the ground, without any protective gear, in pursuit of the hallucinogenic and lucrative 'Red' honey. But hes also a real man, and the films true power lies in insisting that we acknowledge his suffering amid the rich aesthetic experience it offers us. Himalayan honeybees make several types of honey depending on the season and the elevation of the flowers that produce the nectar they eat. One of our team members looks at his altimeter watch, which shows the barometric pressure spiking, indicating clear weather. He has no interest in following his uncle up the cliff faces. Letting go of the rope ladder, he shuffles sideways to make room for Asdhan Kulung, his assistant, to join him. Now consider that this hive is located on a sheer cliff wall 300 feet above the ground, reachable only by a hand-made rope ladder. The ending of "Hunters" revealed that Meyer Offerman (Al Pacino) was really The Wolf in disguise Amazon Prime Video. The community in general is very used to taking these kinds of risks that we find absolutely unfathomable. Deeply immersive and experiential, the film follows a pig farmer through his final year of slaughtering pigs. One is for Rangkemi; the other is for his companion, the forest spirit Baneskandi. Death animating is "bad" on purpose and makes hunter fall on the ground so that their legs point in the direction of the killer! The most important thing, however, was to be a silent fly on the wall, Ozturk said. Grand Prize | Krakow Mountain Film Festival As he exhales, his cloudy, bloodshot eyes reveal the soul of a man who is worn out. You can see, and then you cant see, says Jangi. No one in Saddi knows how much Jangi earns from the harvest, and he wont tell me, but he is the only person in the village who owns a house in Kathmandu. After Millie Morris (Jerrika Hinton) sets up her legitimate Nazi-hunting operation in the U.S., Jonah, Lonny Flash (Josh Radnor), Sister Harriet (Kate Mulvany) and Roxy (Tiffany Boone) are set to head to Europe to continue their work there. Because he's the last honey hunter who's had "the dream," this ancient tradition may not survive. He and a team of assistants harvest the honeycomb and poisonous honey, which has hallucinogenic effects and has become lucrative for its believed medicinal benefits in other Asian countries. These skeletons may have the answer, Scientists are making advancements in birth controlfor men, Blood cleaning? Bees buzz around him, stinging him on his face, neck, hands, bare feet, and through his clothes. Hes obviously hurting. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. (Renan Ozturk/National Geographic), After a hunt, team members relax with their spoils: eight hives of honey. As explained inthe July issue of National Geographic, honey hunting is the only waythat Mauli, 57, can earn cash for the few staples he cannot produce himself. How did this mountain lion reach an uninhabited island? Picture the most terrifying scenario you can think of. THE LAST HONEY HUNTER FELT SOUL MEDIA 35:51 The Last Honey Hunter was released in 2017, but is new to us at Colossal and is a powerful story worth a watch at any point. Unauthorized use is prohibited. That was 42 years ago. Death dances for living people. De repente me encontr atrapado en una telaraa tendida en la pared de un acantilado. Hes been visiting the country for 15 years, and has no shortage of future story ideas in the Himalayan country. Long COVID patients turn to unproven treatments, Why evenings can be harder on people with dementia, This disease often goes under-diagnosedunless youre white, This sacred site could be Georgias first national park, See glow-in-the-dark mushrooms in Brazils other rainforest, 9 things to know about Holi, Indias most colorful festival, Anyone can discover a fossil on this beach. Documentary Short Kulung people practice an ancient animistic tradition that is under the threat of modernism: climbing rope ladders up sheer cliffs and the harvesting of a kind of toxic honey by the world's largest honeybee. Get service details, leave condolence messages or send flowers in memory of a loved one in Honea Path, South Carolina. . Historic Newspaper Articles. To do it, he dangled more than 200m from the valley floor using a handmade bamboo rope. You know what Ive done. That was his answer. Its really amazing to watch despite all of our challenges, he said. Did you imagine scaling a sheer cliff, the ground far below cloaked in fog, only to be greeted by hundreds of the largest honeybees in the world, and you have only a small piece of mesh for protection? Added 5 days ago. The cooled wax is pounded on rocks to form cubes that are sold in Kathmandu to be used in molds for casting bronze statues. And Ben [Knight] steps out of the sacred enclosure, and the electronics work. You are of the bee spirits. The Himalayan giant honey bees keep their hives on steep cliffs. The only reason I still do is because Im poor, and no one else will do it.. The Last Honey Hunter is finally online and available for all to see. Honey Impact. The harvest is a team effortto a point. The hive pulses like a subwoofer, each beat sending waves of angry bees into the air. Its more impressive to see what theyre doing up there and to get the chance to document it., Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic SocietyCopyright 2015-2023 National Geographic Partners, LLC. Now, hes tired and doesnt want to do the honey harvest anymore. (Renan Ozturk/National Geographic). He had no protection. If you did, you either have some pretty specific fears or caught the world premiere of The Last Honey Hunter at the recent Telluride Mountainfilm Festival. Mauli Dhan, the last honey hunter, at the first of three harvest locations. With all that cliff hanging and being stung by bees, this brings another dimension to the challenge and pressure. Once pieces of the hive are severed, they will be lowered to the ground with ropes. Before he grabs the support rope beside him, a misstep could be fatal. There are 10 of us, including Mauli and his band. DO NOT leave the enclosure, commands the shaman. Heres why each season begins twice. This was his first film production, and it just went huge, Ayers says. That season, if it is commissioned by Amazon, is also likely to see a change in location. Mauli puts the jug to his lips and drinks deeply. What is wind chill, and how does it affect your body? Alongside the declining bee populations, will this help these Himalayan giants regain their numbers? A film documents the last honey hunters of Arunachal Pradesh Chi Lupo which recently won 'best documentary' at the 10th Dada Saheb Phalke Film Festival Awards 2020 documents the traditional honey hunting practice of Arunachal Pradesh's Sherpduken tribe Written by Tora Agarwala Guwahati | Updated: May 4, 2020 21:37 IST Life out there is really hard, and things are really steep. In eastern. By Bhishma Thapa Travel Photographer 4 Oct 2019 - 4 Minute Read 11159 1 I always try to take time from my busy schedule to explore the lifestyle of people living in Nepal's hills and mountains. We had tons of high-angle footage, huge beehives, stuff falling everywhere, and Ben focuses on whats going on in Mauli Dhans head, and the community, the people, and their lives.. Is the concept of originality in art a bit, well, unoriginal? Director Ben Knight See production, box office & company info Add to Watchlist 1 User review Awards 1 win Photos 10 Bats and agaves make tequila possibleand theyre both at risk, This empress was the most dangerous woman in Rome. Were inside of this sacred enclosure in the middle of the forest, and chickens are dying and people are shouting and cymbals are clashing and the shaman is channeling the spirit and speaking in tonguesand the electronics all stopped working when the spirit showed up. Follow Mauli Dhan as he climbs up a 300-foot rope ladder and into a swarm of bees. The Last Honey Hunter, a short documentary by the US filmmaker Ben Knight telling Dhans story, is itself an intoxicating, destabilising creation. His arms grow tired as the ladder swings in space. Can he stay? And Im afraid of that.. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. Jangi can read, unlike many in the village, and does his own accounting. One of Earth's loneliest volcanoes holds an extraordinary secret. A Refinery29 interview with Hunters showrunner Nikki Toscano hinted that Hitler may even try to bring the Third Reich back to power in Season 2 via these new young recruits (or, it is hinted in the episode, clones). Pol Roca on the FA of "Purple Panther . Where to buy. But even an allergy wont stop Ozturk from returning to Nepal. (Interactivity not an option on some mobile devices. The Last Honey Hunter | movie | 2017 | Official Trailer. These skeletons may have the answer, Scientists are making advancements in birth controlfor men, Blood cleaning? Dhan embodies the confluence and collision point of these great forces, a reluctant, tragic hero. In addition to lugging around cumbersome equipment, Ozturk had to find a way to stabilize himself in the open air so he could photograph Maulis journey. And the shamans are the mediums that go between the spirit world and our world. Only Mauli can cut the hives off the cliffs. Director: Ben Knight The Last Death-Defying Honey Hunter of Nepal, is an article from National Geographics March 2017 edition. Heres What to Buy. In the meantime, Ayers took us through the filmmaking processleeches, vengeful forest spirits, and all. The approach involves scaling with . Todos os direitos reservados. With its adventurous, action-packed story combined with gritty and dark moments, Hunter X Hunter leaves an everlasting impact on the viewers. To experience the video in 360 degrees, click on the content and drag, or click on the arrows at top left. Authorities identified the deceased as 31-year-old Cashay Henderson. And in theory, it's a throwback to Hitler Youth.". Basically the Kulung culture and language only exists in three villages in this remote valley, and its a very intricate shamanistic, animistic culture. I have 4 more weapons to get good use of, I don't really understand gunlance & IG, I can use CB ok but with HBG I just didn't enjoy it as much as the other ranged. He continuously dips the wand into the gourd and flings the water onto our heads. oleg.doro 14.08.2018 Uncategorized 0 Comments. Recently The Last Honey Hunter documentary was filmed by Renan Ozturk, Renan . Inspire employees with compelling live and on-demand video experiences. Asdhan Kulung (right) has attached ropes to a hive and holds it steady as Mauli saws it away from the rock. Theyll process most of it into wax to be sold in Kathmandu. They strain the honey to get the dead bees out; then they wash the hives, boil them down, and squeeze the resulting liquid wax through a bamboo lattice into a pot set in a hole in the ground. But instead it starts to rain. The next morning its still raining. Ozturk and Synnott were only able to face the action for about ten seconds before spinning wildly out of control, so the two came up with a way to kick off of one another to reach a steady spot for a longer period of time. Read more Book 1 of 8 The Last Hunter Print length 502 pages Language English Sticky notes On Kindle Scribe Aquel da Mauli se ech a la espalda la inslita y pesada carga que supone ser un recolector de miel kulung. Renan, who climbed Meru, gave his rope to locals, like, Guys, fix this for us. WARNING: The following contains spoilers for the entirety of Hunters on Amazon Prime Video. 2023 Vimeo.com, Inc. All rights reserved. Este dej caer su cola, y las mujeres me ayudaron a agarrarla. The roughly 5,000-year-old human remains were found in graves from the Yamnaya culture, and the discovery may partially explain their rapid expansion throughout Europe. The tiny circle is crowded with us, the altars, and two bamboo baskets, each containing a cackling chicken. As for his sons, Mauli wont let them harvest the honey. Chaney, Terry Mixon 4.47 1,859 ratings81 reviews Those that fail to learn from history are doomed to repeat it. But this dangerous cultural tradition, perfected by the Kulung people of eastern Nepal, may be on the verge of vanishing forever. The shaman walks around the clearing, driving bamboo stakes into the ground and wrapping a long piece of twine around them to form an enclosure. Theres a very specific narrative dream you have to have about being stuck in a spiders web on the cliff, and youre rescued by this large white monkey. The documentary will get a wide release sometime by early 2018. The journey to harvest hallucinogenic honey produced by Himalayan giant honey bees is far from easy. Their fathers have died, their children have died, their houses have fallen in, and their crops have failed. Tena 15 aos, y sucedi la noche siguiente a la jornada en que ayud por primera vez a su padre en la recoleccin de miel.Vi a dos hermosas mujeres -recuerda-. And still, Renan and the crew did a phenomenal job and shared the "behind the scenes" in a truly awe-inspiring video. Police say inside one unit, firefighters discovered a woman who had been shot to death. The story delves into the intersection of technology, culture, and poverty and looks at the history of honey-hunters. Best Short Documentary | Bend Film festival Tab Hunter, the tall, blond, blue-eyed movie star who as a teenage idol in the 1950s was one of the last products of the Hollywood studio system and who made an unlikely comeback . Its free. As a form of penance for his actions during the war, he has become a Nazi-hunter. The obvious person to take over as the head honey hunter is his assistant Asdhan, who is wiry and strong, in his early 40s, and a community leader. Pablo Amaringo . The honey is obtained from the hives of Nepal's vertiginous cliffs - a death defying job. But its him wondering about growing old and being upset that he cant continue this with his own frailty. He told us hes glad that he did those last two harvests and that we were successful with the filming. Mauli sits beside the fire pit in his ramshackle, one-room home. Which travel companies promote harmful wildlife activities? Please fly. Initially made to capitalize on the success of The Deer Hunter, The Last Hunter marked the first Euro War set during the Vietnam War, as opposed to World War II like all previous entries in the subgenre. Photo by @renan_ozturk // words by @m_synnott as part of the July 2017 issue @natgeo article called #TheLastHoneyHunter. As far as I can predict, we did film the last time that happened.. No one mentions what were all thinking: that weve likely witnessed Maulis last honey hunt, the end of an era. By Mark. Sign up now. However, he is not the only actor who may not return for more. Mauli kneels before the altars, head bowed, his hands on his thighs. Host virtual events and webinars to increase engagement and generate leads. He may be the deadliest villain that Spider-Man ever faced, but Kraven the Hunter is dead--again. Intriguing articles, practical know-how and immersive films, straight to your inbox. The psychotropic effects of the spring honey result from toxins found in the flowers of massive rhododendron trees, whose bright pink, red, and white blossoms bloom each March and April on north-facing hillsides throughout the Hongu Valley. Han pasado 42 aos desde que este hombre tuvo el sueo que lo llev a seguir este camino. The groundbreaking promise of cellular housekeeping. Its possible theyll do it without having the dream. They continue to swarm Mauli, but he doesnt flinch. Then the monkey lifted me up, and I escaped.. The process is harrowing, requiring hunters to scale large rock faces using ropes and little else, subjecting them to stings by the world's largest honeybees and, if they're not . Mauli Dhan Rai, known as "the last honey hunter," passed away in May 2018. North America Thursday 11H 3M 15S. This article was featured in the InsideHook newsletter. At 57 he is too old to be attempting this dangerous, seasonal honey harvest. The western culture is devoid of meaningful rituals that help you grow through the stages of life. You can get cell reception even in the jungle. For the Kulung, the ethnic group that lives in Saadi, for them to be able to go onto the cliff and touch the honeycomb and the honey, you have to be selected by this wrathful forest spirit called Rongkemi through a special dream. Eco-friendly burial alternatives, explained. At least one valid email address is required. FELT SOUL MEDIA. In eastern Nepal, select members of the Kulung people scale bamboo rope ladders up 300-foot cliffs to get it. The Last Honey Hunter. The Shubert Theater, 247 . He doesnt know which it is.. The film, directed and edited with a sensitive hand by Ben Knight ("The Last Honey Hunter"), lets the British Columbia-based Kimura tell her story of how years of toughing out injuries and a sudden tragedy led to a mental health crisis and how confronting a fear of water has helped her find a way out. The headless chicken thrashes at our feet. The Last Death-Defying Honey Hunter of Nepal. Hes not always tethered to a safetyrope either, which means one misstep could end up being fatal. Kulung people of eastern Nepal are the true masters of this craft. Mauli Dhan is the only person in his village in the Hongu River valley in Nepal who is empowered to collect the local wild honey. He opens his hand, flinging the invisible object back into the thick jungle that surrounds us. In the decades since, he has risked his life every spring and fall to harvest the sweet, mind-bending substance from the same cliffs his father harvested a generation ago. In one corner the shaman carefully builds a pair of altars from banana leaves.

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