If a song can't be written in 20 minutes, it ain't worth writing. Hank jr. was three years old when his father died in 1959 His father actually died January 1, 1953, and of course Jr was 3 years old. [53], Williams signed with MGM Records in 1947 and released "Move It on Over"; considered an early example of rock and roll music, the song became a country hit. Meanwhile, Lewis Fitzgerald's son Ricky billed himself as Hank Williams IV following his father's claim of being Williams' son. Hank Williams Sr. was 29 Years, 3 Months, 15 Days old. His father actually died January 1, 1953, and of course Jr was 3 years old. [89] Dr. P. H. Cardwell injected Williams with two shots of vitamin B12 that also contained a quarter-grain of morphine. The marriage was technically invalid, since Sheppard's divorce from her previous husband did not comply with the legally required 60-day trial reconciliation. Williams' version became a huge country hit; the song stayed at number one on the Billboard charts for four consecutive months,[56] and gained Williams a place in the Grand Ole Opry. Astrological Sign: Virgo, Death Year: 1953, Death date: January 1, 1953, Death State: West Virginia, Death City: Oak Hill, Death Country: United States, Article Title: Hank Williams Biography, Author: Biography.com Editors, Website Name: The Biography.com website, Url: https://www.biography.com/musicians/hank-williams, Publisher: A&E; Television Networks, Last Updated: September 18, 2019, Original Published Date: April 2, 2014. Their son, Randall Hank Williams (now known as Hank Williams Jr.), was born on May 26, 1949. Hiram "Hank" Williams died on January 1, 1953, at the age of 29. It was swelling in him like a great body of water behind a massive dam, Lyons said. As the titles of some of Williams' songs suggest, heartbreak and turmoil were never that far from his life. The lanky guitar player with twangy voice began his musical career in Montgomery, singing over WSFA, the newspaper reported. Elonzo was a railroad engineer for the W. T. Smith lumber company and was drafted during World War I, serving from July 1918 to June 1919. Ultimately, the completion of the album included recordings by Alan Jackson, Norah Jones, Jack White, Lucinda Williams, Vince Gill, Rodney Crowell, Patty Loveless, Levon Helm, Jakob Dylan, Sheryl Crow, and Merle Haggard. [10] Carr and Williams headed out of Knoxville from the Andrew Johnson Hotel via Gay Street to Magnolia Ave to 11w. Marshall had been previously convicted for forgery, and had been paroled and released from the Oklahoma State Penitentiary in 1951. [59] During 1949, he joined the first European tour of the Grand Ole Opry, performing in military bases in England, Germany and the Azores. He told Hill that his mother was interested in talking to him about his problems and her need to collect Elonzo's disability pension. [29] Around two tons of flowers were sent. [5] He was the third child of Jessie Lillybelle "Lillie" (ne Skipper) (18981955) with Elonzo Huble "Lon" Williams (18911970). By the early 1940s, he'd caught the attention of music executives in Nashville. 1 on the country charts. His father was a railroad engineer who was also a victim of shell shock after a year of fighting in France in 1918 during World War I and spent many years in veterans hospitals. [30] Payne and Williams lost touch, though Payne also eventually moved to Montgomery, where he died in poverty in 1939. [105] Williams had 11 number one country hits in his career ("Lovesick Blues", "Long Gone Lonesome Blues", "Why Don't You Love Me", "Moanin' the Blues", "Cold, Cold Heart", "Hey, Good Lookin'", "Jambalaya (On the Bayou)", "I'll Never Get Out of This World Alive", "Kaw-Liga", "Your Cheatin' Heart", and "Take These Chains from My Heart"), as well as many other top 10 hits. As a result, he was not considered a reliable performer. His song "Your Cheatin' Heart" was written and recorded in September 1952, but released in late January 1953 after his death. The president of MGM Records told Billboard magazine that the company got only about five requests for pictures of Williams during the weeks before his death, but over 300 afterwards. By the end of 1952, Williams had started to suffer heart problems. His physical appearance diminished, too. [3] In October 1952, he married Billie Jean Jones. The song was number one on the country charts for six weeks. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. The court rejected claims made by PolyGram Records and Legacy Entertainment in releasing recordings Williams made for the Mother's Best Flour Show. But along with this early success came increased erratic behavior from Williams, who often showed up at live performances drunk. Williams was born with a mild undiagnosed case of spina bifida occulta, a disorder of the spinal column, which gave him lifelong paina factor in his later abuse of alcohol and other drugs. Williams, who was recently separated from WSM "for failure to make appearances," was a resident of Montgomery, Ala. As a youth he sold peanuts and shined shoes, meanwhile strumming on a. Buy newspaper front pages, posters and more. Reporters answering telephoned queries concerning Williams death said many of the callers cried when informed that the reports were true.. [113] In the 1980 Canadian film, Hank Williams: The Show He Never Gave, Williams is portrayed by singer Sneezy Waters. 7. [6] The family's first child, Ernest Huble Williams, was born on July 5, 1921; he died two days later. Hank Williams had something that humanity universally needs -- a song with a heart-felt message.. Celebrity Births Deaths and Ages Hank Williams Sr. Williams had married his second wife, Billie Jean Jones in October 1952, as 14,000 people looked on in Louisiana where Williams hosted radio shows after being fired from the Grand Ole Opry in August of that year. Jones refused to pay, and further stated that Marshall later intended to convince her to pay him by assuring that he would "pave her the way to collect her husband's state". Williams was pronounced dead a short while later. While her son was not on the stage, his song I Saw The Light opened the show. In 1946, Williams traveled to Nashville to meet with music publisher Fred Rose and the Acuff-Rose Publications company. He later started to consume painkillers, including morphine, and alcohol to help ease the pain. The Garden Spot Programs, 1950, a series of publicity segments for plant nursery Naughton Farms originally aired in 1950. [83], On January 2, Williams' body was transported to Montgomery, Alabama, where it was placed in a silver casket that was displayed at his mother's boarding house for two days. [83] After Williams' death, a judge ruled that the wedding was not legal because Jones' divorce had not become final until 11 days after she married Williams. After Hawkshaw Hawkins and other performers started singing "I Saw the Light" as a tribute to Williams, the crowd, now realizing that he was indeed dead, followed them. There was desire, burden, fear, ambition, reverse after reverse, bitter disappointment, joy, success, sympathy, love for people. Under Williams' guidance, Sheppard started playing bass and began performing in his band. [81] A relationship with a woman named Bobbie Jett during this period resulted in a daughter, Jett Williams, who was born five days after Williams died. A doctor injected Williams with B12 and morphine and porters carried the legendary singer-songwriter to the car. [13], The town's coroner and mortician, Dr. Ivan Malinin, a Russian immigrant who barely spoke English, performed the autopsy on Williams at the Tyree Funeral House. [47] As a result of the new variety of his repertoire, Williams published his first songbook, Original Songs of Hank Williams. There he sang "Hey Good Lookin'", and the next week Como opened the show singing the same song, with apologies to Williams. [41], The American entry into World War II in 1941 marked the beginning of hard times for Williams. Best Answer. ), He was racked by physical and emotional afflictions, and these coupled with his gift of song, made him kin to millions.. [25] His funeral was said to have been far larger than any ever held for any other citizen of Alabama,[27][21] and the largest event ever held in Montgomery,[28] surpassing Jefferson Davis' inauguration as President of the Confederacy. [97] His funeral was said to have been far larger than any ever held for any other citizen of Alabama, and the largest event ever held in Montgomery. It was something he apparently saw coming. Why was Hank Williams an alcoholic? Defending his position, he claimed that Williams possibly committed suicide. Long plagued by alcoholism, Williams fell ill at the Andrew Johnson Hotel in Knoxville on the last night of 1952. On New Year's Day 1953, at the age of 29, Williams suffered from heart failure while being driven to his next scheduled concert in Charleston, West Virginia, and died suddenly in the back seat of the car in Oak Hill, West Virginia. [57] On June 11, 1949, Williams made his debut at the Grand Ole Opry, where he became the first performer to receive six encores. Having only recently recorded what would become some of his best-loved songs -- including Kawliga and Your Cheatin Heart -- Williams performed his final concert in Austin, Texas on Dec. 19, 1952. Hank Williams, the 29-year-old King of Country Music, was to have flown to Charleston, West Virginia for a New Years Eve concert but an ice storm near Nashville kept him away. While living in Georgiana, Williams met Rufus "Tee-Tot" Payne, a street performer. Williams and her son, Hank Jr., became estranged after he turned 18. He found hemorrhages in the heart and neck and pronounced the cause of death as "insufficiency of the right ventricle of the heart". The Georgiana . It included 10 songs: "Mother Is Gone", "Won't You Please Come Back", "My Darling Baby Girl" (with Audrey Sheppard), "Grandad's Musket", "I Just Wish I Could Forget", "Let's Turn Back the Years", "Honkey-Tonkey", "I Loved No One But You", "A Tramp on the Street", and "You'll Love Me Again". Another researcher decided it could have happened at any of the gas stations near Mount Hope. Since Williams' parents were both followers of Freemasonry,[7] Williams was named after Hiram I. Hank Williams was an aspiring country music singer when he first met Audrey Williams. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The Pulitzer Prize jury awarded him a posthumous special citation in 2010 for his "craftsmanship as a songwriter who expressed universal feelings with poignant simplicity and played a pivotal role in transforming country music into a major musical and cultural force in American life". [132] Broadcast in 1949, the shows were recorded for the promotion of Hadacol. After school and on weekends, Williams sang and played his Silvertone guitar on the sidewalk in front of the WSFA radio studio. [22] At a chance meeting in Georgiana, Williams met U.S. Representative J. Lister Hill while Hill was campaigning across Alabama. But coupled with Williams' obvious talents as a singer and songwriter was an increasing dependence on alcohol, which he'd started abusing in order to relieve his sometimes excruciating back pain. He was one of the finest young men that we ever knew, Acuff said. A year after first meeting with Rose, Williams had his first hit, "Move It On Over." [133] In May 2014, further radio recordings by Williams were released. Williams was an American singer-songwriter and musician regarded as one of the most significant country music artists of all time. [58] He brought together Bob McNett (guitar), Hillous Butrum (bass), Jerry Rivers (fiddle) and Don Helms (steel guitar) to form the most famous version of the Drifting Cowboys, earning an estimated $1,000 per show (equivalent to $11,400 in 2021) That year Audrey Williams gave birth to Randall Hank Williams (Hank Williams Jr.). His passing did not bring about the end to his stardom, however. Williams began his music career in Montgomery in 1937, when producers at local radio station WSFA hired him to perform and host a 15-minute program. [59] On May 21, he had been admitted to North Louisiana Sanitarium for the treatment of his alcoholism, leaving on May 24. [33], He never learned to read music; instead he based his compositions in storytelling and personal experience. Payne gave Williams guitar lessons in exchange for money or meals prepared by Lillie. It could be argued, in fact, that his early death only enhanced his legend. Long plagued by alcoholism, Williams fell ill at the Andrew Johnson Hotel in Knoxville on the last night of 1952. A 3-CD selection of the tracks, restored by Joe Palmaccio, was released by Time-Life in October 2008 titled The Unreleased Recordings. A doctor was called to examine him. [62] The local record shops reportedly sold all their Williams records, and customers were asking for all records ever released by Williams. He denied any responsibility in both deaths. They later drove to Oak Hill in search of a hospital, stopping at a Pure Oil station on the edge of town. The Opry eventually fired him, and in 1952, he and Sheppard divorced. [34] He was unresponsive and rigor mortis had already begun to set in. [17] From that time on, Lillie assumed responsibility for the family. YouTubes privacy policy is available here and YouTubes terms of service is available here. [86] Fitzgerald was interviewed, and he suggested that Lillie Williams operated a brothel at her boarding house in Montgomery. The Montgomery Auditorium, located at the intersection of Perry and Monroe Street, "Long forgotten Montgomery auditorium to see new life", "Convict Says Williams Depressed Singer Said Possible Suicide", "Name is Forged to Prescriptions, Expert Says", I Can't Help It (If I'm Still in Love with You), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Death_of_Hank_Williams&oldid=1137643276, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Insufficiency of the right ventricle of the heart, January 4, 1953 at Oakwood Annex Cemetery in, January 1, 1953 in Oak Hill, West Virginia, This page was last edited on 5 February 2023, at 18:47. The day after Williams died, The Montgomery Advertiser recalled Williams as a former peanut vendor who learned to play guitar at age 6. Later he would dull his physical pain with morphine, but alcohol remained his painkiller of choice when he sought to relieve the heartache of his tumultuous relationship with Audrey Sheppard, whom he married in 1942 (they divorced in 1952). Williams had also married Sheppard before her divorce was final, on the 10th day of a required 60-day reconciliation period. Hank Williams, Jr., was only 3 years old when his father died ("Hank".Bio para.4). "[25] An estimated 15,000 to 25,000 people passed by the silver coffin, and the auditorium was filled with 2,750 mourners. Hank Williams was just 29-years-old when he died, but had lived quite a life in his short years. He was unable to read or notate music to any significant degree. [61], In 1950, Williams began recording as "Luke the Drifter" for his religious-themed recordings, many of which are recitations rather than singing. [31], The president of MGM told Billboard magazine that the company got only about five requests for pictures of Williams during the weeks prior to his death, but over 300 afterwards. Many artists have covered his songs and he has influenced Elvis Presley, Bob Dylan, Johnny Cash, Chuck Berry, Jerry Lee Lewis, George Jones, George Strait, Charley Pride, the Beatles, and the Rolling Stones, among others. Hank Williams, byname of Hiram Williams, also called the Hillbilly Shakespeare, (born September 17, 1923, Georgiana, Alabama, U.S.died January 1, 1953, Oak Hill, West Virginia), American singer, songwriter, and guitarist who in the 1950s arguably became country musics first superstar. He died in the back seat of his Cadillac while being driven to a gig on New Year's Day 1953. "Fan It" and "Alexander's Ragtime Band", recorded by Williams at age 15; the homemade recordings of him singing "Freight Train Blues", "New San Antonio Rose", "St. Louis Blues" and "Greenback Dollar" at age 18; and a recording for the 1951 March of Dimes. That all changed in 1949 with the release of "Lovesick Blues," a throwaway rendition of an old show tune he'd pushed to tape at the end of a recording session. [74], In June 1952, he recorded "Jambalaya (On the Bayou)", "Window Shopping", "Settin' the Woods on Fire", and "I'll Never Get out of this World Alive". [77] The next day, two public ceremonies were held at the New Orleans Civic Auditorium, where 14,000 seats were sold for each. 29, January 1st 1953. As his driver, college student Charles Carr, barreled toward a concert venue in Canton, Ohio, Williams' health took a turn for the worse. He remained hospitalized for eight years, rendering him mostly absent throughout Williams' childhood. She drove her son and his band to shows throughout southern Alabama. Jones declared "I have never accepted the report that my husband died of a heart attack. By the end of 1952, Williams had started to have heart problems. Due to Williams' excesses, Fred Rose stopped working with him. "[44], He worked for the rest of the war for a shipbuilding company in Mobile, Alabama, as well as singing in bars for soldiers. It was her second marriage and his first. At this stage Williams began abusing alcohol, a problem that haunted him the rest of his life but that came about partly as a result of his attempts to self-medicate agonizing back pain caused by a congenital spinal disorder. Now free to travel without Williams' schooling taking precedence, the band could tour as far away as western Georgia and the Florida Panhandle. Roy Acuff, along with a host of countrys biggest stars, performed I Saw The Light., MONTGOMERY, AL - JANUARY 4: Guitar themed flower arrangements adorn the gravesite of country singer Hank Williams as he is laid to rest at the Oakwood Cemetary Annex on January 4, 1953 in Montgomery, Alabama. [18], In the fall of 1934, the Williams family moved to Greenville, Alabama, where Lillie opened a boarding house next to the Butler County courthouse. It was all in Hanks heart. [38] The same day, the District Attorney's office declared that after a new review of the autopsy report of Faye Marshall, toxicological and microscopic tests confirmed that her death on March 3 was not related to the medication prescribed by her husband. Author Colin Escott concluded in his . Over the next several years he churned out a number of other big hits, including "Cold, Cold Heart," "Your Cheatin' Heart," "Hey Good Lookin'," "Lost Highway," and I'll Never Get Out of This World Alive." Keillor, Garrison. Carr later kept driving until he reached a gas station in Oak Hill, West Virginia, where Williams was discovered unresponsive in the back seat. In the years since his death, Williams' impact has only grown, with artists as varied as Perry Como, Dinah Washington, Norah Jones and Bob Dylan all covering his work. Liquored up and abusing morphine, he collapsed in a hotel room in Knoxville, Tennessee. Years of back pain, alcoholism, and prescription drug abuse severely compromised Williams' health. His name was misspelled as "Hiriam" on his birth certificate, which was prepared and signed when he was 10 years old. He returned to perform in KWKH and WBAM shows and in the Louisiana Hayride, for which he toured again. [19] In 1935, they settled in Garland, Alabama, where Lillie opened a new boarding house; they later moved with Williams' cousin Opal McNeil to Georgiana, Alabama,[20] where Lillie took several side jobs to support the family despite the bleak economic climate of the Great Depression. [39] Oklahoma Governor Johnston Murray revoked the parole of Horace Raphol "Toby" Marshall, who returned to prison to complete his forgery sentence.[40]. When he played on his guitar, he played on the heart-strings of millions, pastor Henry Lyons of Highland Avenue Baptist Church told the crowd gathered on Perry Street. [125][126] In July 2020, his granddaughter Katherine (Hank Jr.'s daughter) died in a car crash at the age of 27. Williams, Sheppard, and the Drifting Cowboys band in 1951 The American entry into World War II in 1941 marked the beginning of hard times for Williams. [95] That evening, when the announcer in Canton announced Williams' death to the gathered crowd, they started laughing because they thought it was just another excuse. [35], Williams' successful radio show fueled his entry into a music career. At his mothers request, the concert in Canton went on as planned. When several of his band members were drafted during World War II, he had trouble with their replacements, and WSFA terminated his contract because of his alcoholism. He made his radio debut at age 13; formed his first band, Hank Williams and his Drifting Cowboys, at age 14; and early on began wearing the cowboy hats and western clothing that later were so associated with him. The result of the original autopsy indicated that Williams died of a heart attack. The song, backed by "Kaw-Liga", was No. His father was a Mason and his mother was a member of the. [96] An estimated 15,000 to 25,000 people passed by the silver casket, and the auditorium was filled with 2,750 mourners. [128], In 2006, a janitor of Sony/ATV Music Publishing found in a dumpster the unfinished lyrics written by Williams that had been found in his car the night he died. Hank Williams, Sr. was an American singer-songwriter and musician who had a net worth equal to $100 thousand at the time of his death after adjusting for inflation (approximately $10 thousand in 1953) A picture from the past came slowly stealing As I brushed your arm and walked so close to you Then suddenly I got that old time feeling I can't help it if I'm still in love with you. Chief Winfred Patterson who arrested Hank said to the Alabama Journal in 1971 that Hank was "more or less having DT's (delirium tremens). It was placed in a silver coffin that was first shown at his mother's boarding house at 318 McDounough Street for two days. The station's owner called the local police chief. [43] The book only listed lyrics, since its main purpose was to attract more audiences, though it is also possible that he did not want to pay for transcribing the notes. [26] During the funeral four women fainted and a fifth was carried out of the auditorium in hysterics after falling at the foot of the casket. [139] On October 22, 1975, a federal judge in Atlanta, Georgia, ruled Horton's marriage to Williams was valid and that half of Williams' future royalties belonged to her.[140]. Regardless, Carr said he next drove to "a cut-rate gas station". [88] The two arrived at the Andrew Johnson Hotel in Knoxville, Tennessee, and Carr requested a doctor for Williams, who was affected by the combination of the chloral hydrate and alcohol he had consumed on the way to Knoxville. He was dead on arrival at an Oak Hill hospital, the front page of The Alabama Journal read. Entrance marker of the Oakwood Annex Cemetery in, Grave of Audrey (left) and Hank Williams (right) at Oakwood Annex Cemetery, Oklahoma investigation of Horace Marshall. His first wife and his mother were the driving forces behind having the marriage declared invalid, and they pursued the matter for years. [7] Because of an ice storm in the Nashville area that day, Williams could not fly, so he hired a college student, Charles Carr, to drive him to the concerts. "When I pulled it back up, I noticed that his hand was stiff and cold." They later had a daughter named Irene. [79], On December 15, 1944, Williams married Audrey Sheppard. In 1947, he released "Move It on Over", which became a hit, and also joined the Louisiana Hayride radio program. Killorn stated that the fact that Carr told him it was Hank Williams caused him to remember the incident. Probably taught his first chords by Payne, Williams began playing the guitar at age 8. Instead of performing, Williams died 70 years ago today, on Jan. 1, 1953. [clarification needed][20], The body was transported to Montgomery on January 2. He acknowledged that in previous testimony he had falsely claimed to be a physician. A friend of the family denied his claims, but singer Billy Walker remembered that Williams mentioned to him the presence of men in the house being led upstairs. He won the first prize of $15, singing his first original song "WPA Blues". Hiram "Hank" Williams died on January 1, 1953, at the age of 29. [35] His recent win at the Empire Theater and the street performances caught the attention of WSFA producers who occasionally invited him to perform on air. When new wife Billie Jean asked what was the matter, she claimed his. He died in 1939, but his musical legacy would live on in Williams. [129][130], Material recorded by Williams, originally intended for radio broadcasts to be played when he was on tour or for its distribution to radio stations nationwide, resurfaced throughout time. [112] He was ranked second in CMT's 40 Greatest Men of Country Music in 2003, behind only Johnny Cash who recorded the song "The Night Hank Williams Came To Town". Carr called the Charleston auditorium from Knoxville to say that Williams would not arrive on time owing to the ice storm and was ordered to drive Williams to Canton, Ohio for the New Year's Day concert there. [16] Williams' father was frequently relocated by the lumber company railway for which he worked, and the family lived in many southern Alabama towns. If you purchase a product or register for an account through one of the links on our site, we may receive compensation. However, she was to marry someone else before the . Hank Williams, Sr. passed away on January 1, 1953 at 29 years old.Hank Williams Net Worth. At a Veterans Affairs clinic in Pensacola, Florida, doctors determined that the cause was a brain aneurysm, and Elonzo was sent to the VA Medical Center in Alexandria, Louisiana. "Long Gone Daddy: A Biography of Hank Williams, Country Music's Tragic Hero". . Tributes to Williams took place the day after his death. "I think he had a profound sadness in him," says Marc Abraham, writer and director of I Saw The Light. Audrey Williams divorced him that year; the next day he recorded "You Win Again" and "I Won't be Home No More". Arthur Whiting was also a guitarist for the Drifting Cowboys. He was scheduled to perform a few gigs on New Year's Eve and New Year's Day to see in. Among other fake titles, he said that he was a Doctor of Science. Williams and Sheppard lived and worked together in Mobile. Williams and Sheppard married in 1944. He formed the Drifting Cowboys backup band, which was managed by his mother, and dropped out of school to devote his time to his career. [114] Many artists of the 1950s and 1960s, including Elvis Presley,[115] Bob Dylan, Tammy Wynette, David Houston, Jerry Lee Lewis, Merle Haggard,[116] Gene Vincent,[117] Carl Perkins,[118] Ricky Nelson, and Conway Twitty[119] recorded Williams' songs during their careers. Carr was 17, a freshman on break from Auburn. What we do know is that Williams died when he was just 29 years old. The authors of Hank Williams: The Biography pointed out that "Hank" sounded more "like a hillbilly and western star" than "Hiram". Cookie Settings/Do Not Sell My Personal Information. was honored with a Grammy nomination for Best Historical Album. Also, the Drifting Cowboys were at the time backing Ray Price, while Williams was backed by local bands. On the evening of Dec. 30, 1952, the restless, rail-thin 29-year-old tossed and turned in bed at his home in Montgomery, Ala. He was dismissed by the Grand Ole Opry because of his unreliability and alcoholism. Sheppard, it seems, was extremely eager to make a mark in show business and, despite her obviously limited talent, pushed her husband to let her sing. [27] Payne taught Williams chords, chord progressions, bass turns, and the musical style of accompaniment that he would use in most of his future songwriting. His son, Hank Jr., was ranked on the same list. Long plagued by alcoholism, Williams fell ill at the Andrew Johnson Hotel in Knoxville on the last night of 1952. [103][104] Alabama governor Gordon Persons officially proclaimed September 21 "Hank Williams Day". The janitor was accused of theft, but the charges were later dropped when a judge determined that her version of events was true. Fearful that disc jockeys and jukebox operators would hesitate to accept these unusual recordings, Williams used this alias to avoid hurting the marketability of his name.

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