A large number of respondents said the interests of the most highly motivated actors, including those in the worlds of business and politics, are generally not motivated to fix the proliferation of misinformation. Many of these respondents said the leaders and engineers of the major information platform companies will play a significant role. audience when she wrote the message. What we dont know is how to make it a thriving business. By Theresa Chmara published in American Libraries, State Laws Relating to Filtering, Blocking, and Usage Policies in Schools and Libraries (2016) D) Inhibition of return increases the effort required for an individual to attend to the same stimulus several times, thereby decreasing evolutionary survival. James is experiencing, Jill is angry with Jack because he made a disparaging comment to another male, coworker about women during the team meeting. However, the ALA recognizes that local libraries and schools are governed by local decision makers and local considerations and often must rely on federal or state funding for computers and internet access. Which of the following would result in the fastest visual search time amongst an array consisting of green and red B's and green, blue, and red D's? Producers have an easy publishing platform to reach wide audiences and those audiences are flocking to the sources. Which of the following highlights the relevance of contextual cuing? Experts are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area. In other words, if theres a will, theres way.. And the political environment is bad., Ian OByrne, assistant professor at the College of Charleston, replied, Human nature will take over as the salacious is often sexier than facts. The use of Internet filters to block constitutionally protected speech, including content on social networking and gaming sites, compromises First Amendment freedoms and the core values of librarianship. . Filtering enables people to get the most accurate picture of a situation. A professor at MIT observed, I see this as problem with a socioeconomic cure: Greater equity and justice will achieve much more than a bot war over facts. But the overarching and competing themes were clear: Those who do not think things will improve felt that humans mostly shape technology advances to their own, not-fully-noble purposes and that bad actors with bad motives will thwart the best efforts of technology innovators to remedy todays problems. By Chris Petersen, Shannon M. Oltmann, and Emily J.M. The rights of minors to retrieve, interact with, and create information posted on the Internet in schools and libraries are extensions of their First Amendment rights. I dont think they will put much effort into eliminating it. In the longer term, Im optimistic that the second force will dominate as transaction cost-reduction appears to be relatively in favor of crowds versus concentrated institutions., A past chairman of a major U.S. scientific think tank and former CEO replied, [The information environment] should improve because there are many techniques that can be brought to bear both human-mediated such as collective intelligence via user voting and rating and technological responses that are either very early in their evolution or not or not deployed at all. A) Information with a low degree of saliency is ignored and doesn't go on for further processing. A professor at a Washington, D.C.-area university said, It is nearly impossible to implement solutions at scale the attack surface is too large to be defended successfully., Jerry Michalski, futurist and founder of REX, replied, The trustworthiness of our information environment will decrease over the next decade because: 1) It is inexpensive and easy for bad actors to act badly; 2) Potential technical solutions based on strong ID and public voting (for example) wont quite solve the problem; and 3) real solutions based on actual trusted relationships will take time to evolve likely more than a decade., It is nearly impossible to implement solutions at scale the attack surface is too large to be defended successfully. Filtered vs. Unfiltered: What do these terms mean? Things will improve because people individually and collectively will make it so.. Filtering can be applied to columns but not rows. Perhaps the surge of fake news in the recent past will serve as a wake-up call to address these aspects of online skills in the media and to address these as fundamental educational competencies in our education system. Which of the following statements about filtering information is accurate? ", SafeKids.com: Digital Citizenship, Online Safety, and Civility. Filtering can be applied to rows but not columns. Open Net Initiative (2014)"Internet censorship and surveillance are growing global phenomena. We understand online and offline are different modalities of real life. The majority of participants in this canvassing wrote detailed elaborations on their views. The staff of the Office for Intellectual Freedom is available to answer questions or provide assistance to librarians, trustees, educators and the public about internet filtering. The more a given source is attributed to fake news, the lower it will sit in the credibility tree., Micah Altman, director of research for the Program on Information Science at MIT, commented, Technological advances are creating forces pulling in two directions: It is increasingly easy to create real-looking fake information; and it is increasingly easy to crowdsource the collection and verification of information. If a news story reaffirms what we already believe, its credible but if it rails against our beliefs, its fake. Analyzing performance degradations in the ABAP environment in the Cloud These experts predicted that the problem of misinformation will be amplified because the worst side of human nature is magnified by bad actors using advanced online tools at internet speed on a vast scale. Unless we equip people with media literacy and critical-thinking skills, the spread of misinformation will prevail.. The legal climate for security research will continue to improve, as its connection to national security becomes increasingly obvious. The process should encourage and allow users to ask for filtered websites and content to be unblocked, with minimal delay and due respect for user privacy. To maximize the chances of sending effective communication, it is advisable, People tend to filter downward communication more than upward, Filtering is communicating only some of the available information in order to. 3) A few trusted sources will continue to dominate the internet., Irene Wu, adjunct professor of communications, culture and technology at Georgetown University, said, Information will improve because people will learn better how to deal with masses of digital information. During the discussion on the item. The proliferation of sources will increase the number of people who dont know who or what they trust. She wrote, Right now, there is an incentive to spread fake news. Center for Democracy and Technology, Internet Filtering and Adolescent Exposure to Online Sexual Material(2018) Some even foresaw a world in which widespread information scams and mass manipulation cause broad swathes of public to simply give up on beinginformed participants in civic life. The success of Donald Trump will be a flaming signal that this strategy works, alongside the variety of technologies now in development (and early deployment) that can exacerbate this problem. He recently read a memo from one, department presenting a new idea for a product. He recently read a memo from one department presenting a new, idea for a product. The 10thedition manual is an indispensable resource for day-to-day guidance on maintaining free and equal access to information for all people with a chapter titled "Censorship, Challenged Resources, and Internet Filtering". Research demonstrates that filters consistently both over- and underblock the content they claim to filter. A) It assumes attended information is enhanced, while unattended information is not. These findings do not represent all possible points of view, but they do reveal a wide range of striking observations. Edited by Martin Garnarand Trina Magi with ALA Office for Intellectual Freedom Bart Knijnenburg, researcher on decision-making and recommender systems and assistant professor of computer science at Clemson University, said, Two developments will help improve the information environment: 1) News will move to a subscription model (like music, movies, etc.) By R. Radom published in LIBRES: Library and Information Science Research Electronic Journal. Respondents were then asked to choose one of the following answer options: The information environment will improve In the next 10 years, on balance, the information environment will be IMPROVED by changes that reduce the spread of lies and other misinformation online. John Wilbanks, chief commons officer at Sage Bionetworks, replied, Im an optimist, so take this with a grain of salt, but I think as people born into the internet age move into positions of authority theyll be better able to distill and discern fake news than those of us who remember an age of trusted gatekeepers. Some think the threat of regulatory reform via government agencies may force the issue of required identities and the abolition of anonymity protections for platform users. a) Digital Image Processing Were simultaneously skeptics and true believers. FROM table_name WHERE expression; Many respondents agree that misinformation will persist as the online realm expands and more people are connected in more ways. C) Filters can only be established on an Excel table. Related Groups, Organizations, Affiliates & Chapters, ALA Upcoming Annual Conferences & LibLearnX, Holding Space: A national conversation series with libraries, Technology Access and Assistive Technology, ALA and Affiliate Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion Statements, Cultural Programming to Promote Diversity, Hateful Conduct in Libraries: Supporting Library Workers and Patrons, Libraries Respond: Combating Xenophobia and Fake News in light of COVID-19, Libraries Respond: Cyber-bullying and Doxxing, Libraries Respond: Immigrants, Refugees, and Asylum Seekers, Libraries Respond: National Day of Healing, Libraries Respond: Protecting and Supporting Transgender Staff and Patrons, Library Services for Patrons with Alzheimer's/Dementia, Library Services to the Incarcerated and Detained, ALA Statement on Censorship of Information Addressing Racial Injustice, Black American History, and Diversity Education, Poll: Voters Oppose Book Bans in Libraries, Interpretations of the Library Bill of Rights, Intellectual Freedom and Censorship Q & A, Meeting Rooms, Exhibit Spaces, and Programs, 3-D Printing in Libraries: Policies and Best Practices, American Association of School Librarians (AASL), Assn. When the television became popular, people also believed everything on TV was true. Question 10 2 pts Which one of the following statements is accurate about the Sorting and Filtering in Excel? Filtering can be applied to columns but not rows. When I analyzed the two samples, I found similar SQL statements. Featured Speakers: Doug Archer, Bob Bocher, Deborah Caldwell-Stone, Jamie LaRue, Michael Robinson D. Only one filter can be applied at a time. Question options: Provides Clarity Creates Commitment Builds Relationships Defines Roles. This is a wake-up call to the news industry, policy makers and journalists to refine the system of news production. C) 50 objects including red triangles and green circles B) Contextual features associated with particular stimuli or experiences help us predict outcomes when we encounter such cues in the future. Do we know where that might eventually lead? Group projects are always awful and end in an F." Which challenge to groupwork is he demonstrating? manage the reactions of the listener(s), you are engaging in filtering. The problem is human nature, The Role of Alternative Social Media in the News and Information Environment, AI and Human Enhancement: Americans Openness Is Tempered by a Range of Concerns. Filtering Software: The Religious Connection (2002) Its important to note that the goal of these tools is not necessarily to create consistent and believable alternative facts, but to create plausible levels of doubt in actual facts. D) It cannot explain the findings of the dichotic listening paradigm. D) Pitch. Their coping mechanism is to turn to entertainment or other lighter fare. A) Broadbent proposed that semantically important information may still be processed even if it is heard through the unattended ear. Each can have real facts, but it is the facts that are gathered that matter in coming to a conclusion; who will determine what facts will be considered or what is even considered a fact., A research assistant at MIT noted, Fake and true are not as binary as we would like, and combined with an increasingly connected and complex digital society its a challenge to manage the complexity of social media without prescribing a narrative as truth., An internet pioneer and longtime leader at ICANN said, There is little prospect of a forcing factor that will emerge that will improve the truthfulness of information in the internet., A vice president for stakeholder engagement said, Trust networks are best established with physical and unstructured interaction, discussion and observation. A packet-filtering firewall (answer a) is the simplest type of firewall commonly implemented on routers. Anthony has finished the emergency meeting and sits down at his desk, exhausted. Alejandro Pisanty, a professor at UNAM, the National University of Mexico, and longtime internet policy leader, observed, Overall, at least a part of society will value trusted information and find ways to keep a set of curated, quality information resources. Capabilities and Limits of Automated Multimedia Content Analysis (2021) and Jill are experiencing what communication barrier. Do we even know what those decisions are?, A professor and chair in a department of educational theory, policy and administration commented, Some of this work can be done in private markets. Which of the following statements about filter models of attention is most correct? Since there are multiple approaches you can take for completing each of these tasks, we'll focus instead on the high-level activities. See spam as an analog., Some predicted that digital distributed ledger technologies, known as blockchain, may provide some answers. as they read the syllabus, the students are dealing with what aspect of the communication model? Zbigniew ukasiak, Alex Sandy Pentland, member of the U.S. National Academy of Engineering and the World Economic Forum, commented, We know how to dramatically improve the situation, based on studies of political and similar predictions. Given that there is freedom of speech, I wonder how the situation can ever improve. So ignorance breeds frustration, which breeds acting out, which breeds antisocial and pathological behavior, such as the disinformation, which was the subject of the survey, and many other undesirable second order effects. But it seems the default choice when reading replies to a post is "Top Comments" which is filtered to keep your sensitive eyes from reading anything deemed false or distasteful. Regulatory options may include unbundling social networks like Facebook into smaller entities. Siva Vaidhyanathan, professor of media studies and director of the Center for Media and Citizenship at the University of Virginia, wrote, There are no technological solutions that correct for the dominance of Facebook and Google in our lives. Which of the following statements about filter models of attention is most correct? An emeritus professor of communication for a U.S. Ivy League university noted, We have lost an important social function in the press. Content filtering is used by corporations as part of Internet firewall computers and also by home . Why would her boss suggest this? Featured Speakers: Doug Archer, Bob Bocher, Deborah Caldwell-Stone, Jamie LaRue, Michael Robinson exam 2 possibly Flashcards | Chegg.com Technology is reducing opportunities for such interactions and disrupting human discourse, while giving the feeling that we are communicating more than ever.. But the first INSERT SQL statement - see the following figure - had a database processing time of only 8.90 ms in the good sample on the left. Intellectual Freedom Manual(2021) Patrick Lambe, principal consultant at Straits Knowledge, commented, All largescale human systems are adaptive. This report concentrates on these follow-up responses. ", Access Denied: How Internet Filtering in Schools Harms Public Education (February 2013) What is a fact? Since as far back as the era of radio and before, as Winston Churchill said, A lie can go around the world before the truth gets its pants on., Michael J. Oghia, an author, editor and journalist based in Europe, said he expects a worsening of the information environment due to five things: 1) The spread of misinformation and hate; 2) Inflammation, sociocultural conflict and violence; 3) The breakdown of socially accepted/agreed-upon knowledge and what constitutes fact. 4) A new digital divide of those subscribed (and ultimately controlled) by misinformation and those who are enlightened by information based on reason, logic, scientific inquiry and critical thinking. And can most people agree to trust anything as common knowledge? 1. Censorship will be rejected. An anonymous respondent wrote, There is always a fight between truth and free speech. Furthermore, they said technologists will play an important role in helping filter out misinformation and modeling new digital literacy practices for users. We are at the beginning of a largescale negative impact from the undermining of a social sense of reliable fact. The reader and the producer of content, both have responsibilities., Deirdre Williams, retired internet activist, replied, Human beings are losing their capability to question and to refuse. Content-based filtering. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a long-standing treatment choice for disorders such as depression when pharmacological treatments have failed. Anonymous survey participants also responded: A number of respondents believe there will be policy remedies that move beyond whatever technical innovations emerge in the next decade. Appendix A Answers to Assessment Questions | Part Two - The A) Semantic meaning They hope this will simultaneously enable the screening of content while still protecting rights such as free speech. Consequently, consistent with previous resolutions, the American Library Association cannot recommend filtering. An analysis of misinformation from five samples across the United States, Europe, and Mexico showed that substantial portions of each populationanywhere from 15% to 37%believed misinformation about COVID-19 in April and May 2020, representing what the authors call a "major threat to public health.". Anonymous respondent. Anonymous respondents shared these remarks: A number of these experts said solutions such as tagging, flagging or other labeling of questionable content will continue to expand and be of further use in the future in tackling the propagation of misinformation, The future will attach credibility to the source of any information. It is being replaced by social media, where there are few if any moral or ethical guidelines or constraints on the performance of informational roles., A project leader for a science institute commented, We live in an era where most people get their news via social media and it is very easy to spread fake news. The 2016 Brexit vote in the United Kingdom and the tumultuous U.S. presidential election highlighted how the digital age has affected news and cultural narratives. That money is drying up, and it seems unlikely to be replaced within the next decade., Rich Ling, professor of media technology at the School of Communication and Information at Nanyang Technological University, said, We have seen the consequences of fake news in the U.S. presidential election and Brexit. C. Filters make it easier to find specific information in a large database. According to Cherry's work on auditory attention, which of the following would NOT help to distinguish target sounds from background noise? Dealing with censorship challenges at your library or need to get prepared for them? Some 1,116 responded to this nonscientific canvassing: 51% chose the option that the information environment will not improve, and 49% said the information environment will improve. It would be wonderful to believe otherwise, and I hope that other commentators will be able to convince me otherwise., James Schlaffer, an assistant professor of economics, commented, Information is curated by people who have taken a step away from the objectivity that was the watchword of journalism. When there is value in misinformation, it will rule., Big political players have just learned how to play this game. When the president of the U.S. frequently attacks the traditional media and anybody who does not agree with his alternative facts, it is not good news for an uptick in reliable and trustworthy facts circulating in social media., Nigel Cameron, a technology and futures editor and president of the Center for Policy on Emerging Technologies, said, Human nature is not EVER going to change (though it may, of course, be manipulated). A leading researcher studying the spread of misinformation observed, I know systems like blockchain are a start, but in some ways analog systems (e.g., scanned voting ballots) can be more resilient to outside influence than digital solutions such as increased encryption. The only major fear I have is of massive communications conglomerates imposing pervasive censorship., Steven Miller, vice provost for research at Singapore Management University, wrote, Even now, if one wants to find reliable sources, one has no problem doing that, so we do not lack reliable sources of news today. We live in an era where most people get their news via social media and it is very easy to spread fake news. DECENT is an early example. And an anonymous respondent from Harvard Universitys Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society said, They will be cryptographically verified, with concepts., But others were less confident that blockchain will work. For every fact there is a counterfact and all these counterfacts and facts look identical online, which is confusing to most people.. We are now seeing the downsides of that transformation, with bad actors manipulating the new freedoms for antisocial purposes, but techniques for managing and mitigating those harms will improve, creating potential for freer, but well-governed, information environments in the 2020s., Jonathan Grudin, principal design researcher at Microsoft, said, We were in this position before, when printing presses broke the existing system of information management. Understanding Communication Chapter 3.1- 3.17 Q &A Homework Help.docx Rich Ling, Susan Hares, a pioneer with the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) and longtime internet engineering strategist, now a consultant, said, Society simply needs to decide that the press no longer provides unbiased information, and it must pay for unbiased and verified information., Christopher Jencks, a professor emeritus at Harvard University, said, Reducing fake news requires a profession whose members share a commitment to getting it right. Martin is the financial director of the small business. We reviewed their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. Filters often block adults and minors from accessing a wide range of constitutionally protected speech. Solving this problem will require larger changes in society., A number of respondents mentioned market capitalism as a primary obstacle to improving the information environment. Capabilities and Limits of Automated Multimedia Content Analysis, Internet Filtering and Adolescent Exposure to Online Sexual Material, The Inconsistent Work of Web Filters: Mapping Information Access in Alabama Public Schools and Libraries, Internet Filtering Technology and Aversive Online Experiences in Adolescents, Access Denied: How Internet Filtering in Schools Harms Public Education, United States v. American Library Association, Legal Briefs filed in United States v. American Library Association, FCC Report and Order 11-125, August 21, 2011, CIPA: A Brief FAQ on Public Library Compliance, Why Recent Court Decisions Dont Change the Rules on Filtering, State Laws Relating to Filtering, Blocking, and Usage Policies in Schools and Libraries. Two rows in a cell range can be sorted independently. They will keep unfriending those who dont, and passing on rumors and fake news that agrees with their point of view. They noted their faith was grounded in history, arguing that humans have always found ways to innovate to overcome problems. So the responsibility is with the person who is seeking the news and trying to get information on what is going on. Five or 10 years from now, I expect there to continue to be many reliable sources of news, and a multiplicity of sources. While numerous studies have investigated the therapeutic effects of ECT and its mechanism, much less research has been conducted regarding the mechanism behind the cognitive side effects . When you query table information, you can filter records with the WHERE clause to extract only those records that fulfill a specific expression. Information filtering system - Wikipedia By Kristen R. Batch with ALA Office for Information Technology Policy and ALA Office for Intellectual Freedom, Filtering and the First Amendment (2013) Filtering can be applied to columns but not rows. A. are the most complex type of firewall B. seldom examine the data or the addresses of the message C. can filter both inbound and outbound traffic D. examine the destination address but not the source address E. can examine the contents of VPN packets 26) Which of the following statements is TRUE about the Who gets to decide? B) Inhibition of return prevents an individual from attending to the same location twice, an effective strategy when searching for moving objects. Her boss suggests MBTI. Most of these experts do not expect there will be a perfect system but they expect advances. Communication is only important if you are an upper-level manager. We need to replace ignorance and frustration with better life opportunities that restore confidence a tall order and a tough agenda. Sarah Houghton and the San Jos Public Library, The Effectiveness of Internet Content Filters (2008) Filtering Options: "Is any of" & "Isn't any of" - Zengine When " is not any of " condition is selected, the filter will be TRUE when none of the values identified is included for a particular record. But the underlying pathology wont be tamed through technology alone. Filtering is communicating only some of the available information in order to manage the listener's reactions . Given that there is freedom of speech, I wonder how the situation can ever improve. Explain your answer. First, the likes of the user, the user's interest, user's personal information such as age or, sometimes the user's history too. To stop that requires high surveillance which means government oversight which has its own incentives not to tell the truth., Tom Valovic, contributor to The Technoskeptic magazine and author of Digital Mythologies, said encouraging platforms to exercise algorithmic controls is not optimal.