Rainfall and run off relationships, stream gauging and runoff measurement. The Excess Overland Flow infiltration, also known as Hortonian Flow, occurs when the water enters a soil system faster, so the ground can absorb or move it, as when the precipitation exceeds the capacity of ground infiltration. 1984) and include: (i) Hortonian overland flow from partial catchment areas, (ii) variable source area saturation overland flow, (iii) subsurface stormflow, and (iv) rapid response ground-water flow. Quick Reference. Rainfall is the main driver of hydrological processes in dryland environments and characterising the rainfall variability and processes of runoff generation are critical for understanding ecosystem function of catchments. Hillslope runoff generation influenced by layered ... Evaluation of model performance* In the Horton Model, it is likely that in a sequence of closely-spaced storms, only the later ones may generate overland flow (and therefore more •When soils eventually get soaked during large rainfall events, the excessive rains run off (saturation excess overland flow). From Equation (6), soil saturation and saturation excess overland flow are most likely to occur where both percolation and lateral flow are restricted. Rainfall-interception-evaporation-runoff relationships in ... Different methods of surface runoff estimation, hydrographs, S-hydrograph, IUH, unit hydrograph theory and its application, Flood routing methods and calculations. View GGR206 - LEC 11 & 12.pptx from GGR 206 at University of Toronto. Chorley (1978) took issue with the Hortonian model (Horton, 1941) of overland flow. hortonian overland flow (stream flow generation) precip > infiltration capacity . The flow rate is related to the channel flow cross-sectional area or overland flow depth through Chezy and Manning flow resistance . Saturation Overland Flow. In humid climates there is shallow groundwater, vegetation intercepts and transpires water >saturation overland flow and shallow subsurface flow. Hortonian flow was the first mechanism of runoff to be discovered, and was thought to be the main mechanism of all runoff for quite some time. 1984) and include: (i) Hortonian overland flow from partial catchment areas, (ii) variable source area saturation overland flow, (iii) subsurface stormflow, and (iv) rapid response ground-water flow. Rainfall-interception-evaporation-runoff relationships in a semi-arid catchment, northern Limpopo basin, Zimbabwe Saturation Overland Flow. The conductivity at peak flow (440 mohms/cm) suggests that pre-event water dominated stormflow at the headwater . clay loam without macropores, soil depth 1.5m) Convective Event Advective Event 13 Saturation Overland Flow Soil with high permeability (e.g. Here we see a field where the soil can typically absorb a large amount of water. In SWAT-2012, an impervious layer set at the bottom of the soil profile completely restricts percolation Q p e r c * S W A T 2012 = 0 ; in which case combining Equations (6)-(8) reveal that . See also Vigiak et al. The Hortonian model of Overland flow. Hortonian Overland Flow Mainly Saturation Overland Flow Seasonal or storm period fluctuations Ep E Figure 15. Watershed models can be categorized according to their runoff-generating mechanism, which can be either: (1) infiltration-excess overland flow (or Hortonian overland flow), (2) saturation-excess overland flow, (3) an empirical relation, or (4) a combination of (1), (2), and (3). In arid climate there is deep groundwater, dry soils, intense storms -> Hortonian overland flow (due to low infiltration). Hortonian overland flow does not arise due to the low bulk density and the high macroporosity of the topmost layer, but rapid interflow at depth of 0.9-1.7 m and surface runoff as return flow occur with high antecedent soil moisture. Soil is saturated from below by subsurface flow. Hortonian overland flow (saturated from above): Fig 9-18; saturation overland flow (saturated from below): Fig 9-21; subsurface event flow in saturated zone -- local groundwater mounds or perched saturated zone (sloping slab): Fig 9-26, Example 9-3; interflow/throughflow in unsaturated zone -- note more important for baseflow: Fig 9-29a Hortonian Overland Flow Saturated Overland Flow Sub-surface Flow Ground Water Flow. The median Ks values at a depth of 12.5 cm are large enough to rule out Hortonian overland flow, but a marked decrease in K s in Lutz Creek catchment at 30 cm suggests the formation of a perched water table and the generation saturation overland flow; the decrease in Ks in the Conrad Trail catchment is more gradual, and a perched water table is . saturation from above ; described by Horton in a series of papers in the '30s and '40s, where he suggested it was the principal, if not only, mechanism of overland flow and occurred on virtually all slopes Infiltration Excess Overland Flow, also known as Hortonian Flow, occurs when water enters a soil system faster then the soil can absorb or move it, such as when precipitation exceeds the infiltration capacity of the soil. If one considers a point-scale conservation equation for a particular hydrologic process as a PDE with its point-scale parameters over a computational grid area, then due to the heterogeneity of the land As the volume of water ponding in local depressions increases, the connectivity of those depressions increases, and that connectivity permits flow across the field boundaries. Figure 2 illustrates the operation of some of these processes on a Precambrian Shield watershed. It's fast and . The concept can be best demonstrated using the infiltration theory from pages 36-39. 76, 1-2. How can humans alter the dominant runoff processes in a watershed, and what is the overall effect on the stormflow hydrograph? i > f, (i-f) results in rainfall excess. The same definitions adopted and processes considered by Guo and Adams will be employed and considered here for the Hortonian portion of overland flow generation. In most humid regions, subsurface storm flow and saturation overland flow are dominant processes. This overland flow is about 1000 times faster than subsurface stormflow (Dunne, 1978), and is the main contributor to flood peak discharge at humid, vegetated landscapes. Study free flashcards and improve your grades. In this section we will describe the paths that water can take to the basin outlet. Integrating road flow contributions to a saturation-excess erosion model. Using remote sensing and in situ data sets, we assess the spatial and temporal variability of the rainfall, rainfall-runoff response, and effects on runoff coefficients of . However, Saturation Excess Overland Flow has since been identified as the main runoff mechanism for most of the Northeastern United States. Overland flow is the term used to describe surface flow that is outside the confines of a stream channel. A limitation of the model is its inability to address temporal variability in as "return flow" and forms the "saturation overland flow". As seen from Figure 2.4, from this location where the saturation overland flow starts, onwards the soil is . It is more pronounced in arid regions where soils are thin and without vegetation and the underlying rocks are usually impermeable. Saturation excess overland flow can occur anywhere the soil is wet. impervious surfaces (urban areas) Steep slopes with thin soil. Hortonian overland flow, as interpreted from field observations in the Tshazi sub-catchment, was not simulated so well. It's fast and . Surface runoff (also known as overland flow) is the flow of water occurring on the ground surface when excess rainwater, stormwater, meltwater, or other sources, can no longer sufficiently rapidly infiltrate in the soil.This can occur when the soil is saturated by water to its full capacity, and that the rain arrives more quickly than the soil can absorb it. Hortonian overland flow, groundwater flow, subsurface storm flow, saturation overland flow, macropore flow. Overland flow. Geophys. Saturation excess overland flow occurs when the soil is saturated and no more rain or snowmelt can infiltrate. Overland flow generation and surface runoff involve a series of complex, dynamic processes at various scales that are associated with both surface and subsurface systems. Hortonian overland flow, as interpreted from field observations in the Tshazi sub-catchment, was not simulated so well. rainfall rate exceeds infiltration rate solely surface based with saturated subsurface zone below the stream level short, strong events . Low: may not generate Hortonian Overland Flow at all. Matching game, word search puzzle, and hangman also available. The infiltration excess overland flow is formed (named also Hortonian overland flow after Horton E. R.), when the rainfall intensity exceeds the soil infiltration capacity in an area (Liu et al., 2004 ). Moderate: may not generate overland flow early on, but does so after infiltration capacity has declined. Very fast, energy waves, destructive Can be destructive Very fast, energy waves, destructive Can be destructive CHAPTER FIVE Runoff Engineering Hydrology (ECIV 4323) Overland flow interflow Saturated overland flow Base flow 1 Instructors: Dr. Yunes Mogheir Dr . Infiltration‐excess processes (hereafter referred to as IE) Saturation excess overland flow What is saturated overland flow. Runoff Processes - Section Two: Paths to Runoff. rsadoo. Where the soils are well-drained, deep and very permeable, the water table is deep and the saturated zone is confined to the valley floor. Hortonian Overland flow. Infiltration excess overland flow (Hortonian flow) Saturation excess overland flow ; Infiltration excess overland flow occurs when the rainfall rate exceeds the infiltration capacity and can occur even in dry soil conditions. Low: may not generate Hortonian Overland Flow at all. Overland flow produced in this manner occurs on restricted areas ofthe hillside at much lower rainfall intensities than are for univeral Hortonian overland flow. When . No Hortonian runoff was observed during the runoff event. Hortonian overland flow (saturated from above): Fig 9-18; saturation overland flow (saturated from below): Fig 9-21; subsurface event flow in saturated zone -- local groundwater mounds or perched saturated zone (sloping slab): Fig 9-26, Example 9-3; interflow/throughflow in unsaturated zone -- note more important for baseflow: Fig 9-29a Sheet flow described by Horton in 1930s. Equation (6) describessaturation ciencies,we can definean 'effectivedrainagedensity'DE: overland flow as well as Hortonian overland flow, with values of s and n appropriate to the saturated zone, and the same DE = Lo/A (5) considerations apply.However,it is the width of the saturated For 36 streamsin the westernUnited States,Schumm [1963] zone . Characterizing the response of a catchment to rainfall, in terms of the production of runoff vs the interception, transpiration and evaporation of water, is the first important step in understanding water resource availability in a catchment. Hortonian (Infiltration-excess) overland flow region θθθθ S x Saturation yl rill flow ponded interrill area x Q xl Q yl subsurface stormflow interrill sheet flow S r S r H overland flow region S xl S yl Q x Q r l 1 l 2 A q z A Q rill flow local ridge y Infiltration excess overland flow subsurface return flow in terrill area Section A-A Q yl . On rough agricultural soils, initiation of overland flow is primarily related to the gradual filling of small depressions. It is most common in humid climates with gently sloped or flat basins. Hortonian overland flow, as interpreted from field observations in the Tshazi sub-catchment, was not simulated so well. •Rainfall rate outpaces ground infiltration-infiltration excess overland flow, or Hortonian flow. saturation overland flow will take less time than subsurface storm flow but more time than horton overland flow The best simulation, supported by field observations in the Gobalidanke sub-catchment, suggested that discharge was driven mainly by flow from saturation overland flow. In our work at the Hydrohill and the Nandadish, Hortonian overland flow occurred only . agriculture however, Naef et al. Saturation overland flow is We will also consider influences of climate, geography, and antecedent moisture. Moderate: may not generate overland flow early on, but does so after infiltration capacity has declined. . Overland flow is a very important aspect of the water cycle and can be generated under two different physical mechanisms. the likelihood of infiltration‐excess (IE) runoff (i.e., Hortonian flow; Horton, 1933, 1940) and/or saturation‐excess (SE) runoff (i.e., variable source area; Dunne & Leopold, 1978) is fundamental to meeting these objectives. Lecture 19 Runoff (1) Sources and Components • Definition • Quick flows and slow flows • Sources and components • Terms Union 14; Kirkby (1988) J. Hydrol. Urbanized landscapes (Hortonian flow)and forest harvest (infiltration excess). Over the 5-year period in the Araguás afforested sub-catchment, surface saturation or near saturation conditions (defined as water table 20 cm below the surface) were only observed for 0.8% of the time at the 'P. nigra—High' piezometer, 1.3% at 'P. nigra—Low', 3.5% at 'Meadow', and 11.2% at 'Shrubland'. Hortonian flow assumption: stormflow due to surface runoff (overland flow) variable source area theory assumes only part of a watershed (part by the slope right by the stream) is making direct contributions to stormflow, and the size of this changes over time This is particularly important in small semi-arid catchments, where a few intense rainfall events may generate much of the season's runoff. Overview Sources of streamflow Hortonian Overland Flow Subsurface Flow Saturation Overland Flow Streamflow Hydrograph Runoff Rainfall-runoff Relation-ship Flow-Mass Curve Travel Time Base-flow Separation References Surface Water Sources of streamflow Figure 2: Disposal of precipitation during a storm Catchment is the area of land draining into . overland flow . Hillslopes provide critical watershed ecosystem services such as soil erosion control and storm flow regulation through collecting, storing, and releasing rain water. Applicable in . 2. hortonian overland flow 3. groundwater recharge 4. shallow sub-surface flow 5. saturation overland flow . Cite/attribute Resource. On the other hand, when HP was applied, overland flow developed quickly with relatively high amounts. Originally LAPSUS was developed to simulate overland flow (either Hortonian or saturation overland flow) erosion and sedimentation in the Mediterranean region of Southern Spain (Schoorl, 2001). Am. Runoff from burned areas can be either "saturation overland flow," where the soil is saturated from an impermeable surface up to the ground surface with continued application of rainfall, or "Hortonian" also known as infiltration-excess, overland flow, where rainfall input exceeds the infiltration capacity of the soil (Horton, 1945 . The infiltration and saturation excess-generating mech-anisms are not mutually exclusive on a watershed, nor even mutually exclusive at a point on a watershed. 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