Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White . Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan . Only after 1800 did Beijing adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. The rebellion soon grew in numbers and power, and eventually became a serious concern for the oppressive Amarr empire . Nevertheless, where can you catch hints that the -angel longs for his former state? Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. The Qing had forbidden agriculture in the northern regions, which were left to the Mongol pastoralists, but the introduction of new world crops such as potato and maize opened the northern region plains farming. As one Qing official complained: The rebels are all our own subjects. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus. [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. "Rebellion and Religious Identity: The Case of the White Lotus Uprising (17961804)", This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. Another major contributing factor to the downfall of the Qing dynasty was European imperialism and China's gross miscalculation of the power and ruthlessness of the British crown. The Qing dynasty promoted itself as a conquering force, ruling China for 268 years before collapsing in 19111912. Write in the blank the verb and tense indicated in parentheses. [13], Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion that occurred during the Qing Dynasty of China. ", Dai, Yingcong. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. This internecine war lasted over ten years, at a cost of tens of thousands of lives and an expenditure, by the government alone, of two hundred million taels in money. What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. However, the rulers were afraid that White Lotus Society might menace their rules. The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. The river flooded constantly, and other natural disasters also occurred. A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China, - the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces, - was initiated as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Local disaffection broke out in the so-called White Lotus Rebellion of 1796-1804, which was centerd in the Szechwan- Shensi- Hupeh- Honan border regions. A pattern emerged of growing rice in the valley bottoms, corn on the lower mountain slopes, and Irish potatoes on the higher land. Kublai Khan Update now. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. By the mid-19th century, the Qing dynasty had been in power for over a century, and the elites and many of their subjects felt they had a heavenly mandate to remain in power. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. A decree from the Emperor Daoguang admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" Using the arrest of sectarian members as a threat, local officials and police extorted money from people. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. [1] As White Lotus sects developed, they appealed to many Han Chinese who found solace in the worship of Wusheng Laomu . In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. "Tianlijiao ", in. It was an organized religion, which was once popular in Yuan Dynasty. This rebellion was less successful than that of the Red Turbans, and the Qing government succeeded in crushing this uprising. The crippled Qing dynasty clung to power for another decade, behind the walls of the Forbidden City, but the Wuchang Uprising of 1911 put the final nail in the coffin when 18 provinces voted to secede from the Qing dynasty. Actual participation in sect activities had no impact on an arrest; whether or not monetary demands were met, however, did. Szczepanski, Kallie. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. The White Lotus Rebellion began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. The British under Queen Victoria were a huge market for Chinese teas, but the Qing refused to engage in trade negotiations, rather demanding that Britain pay for the tea in gold and silver. . This took place during the Qing Dynasty, and lasted from 1796 to 1804. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. The French Revolution was now the French "rebellion" or "chaos," but in fact, the existence of leased territories and foreign concessions provided plenty of fuel and varying degrees of safety for radical opponents. Sikh uprisings against the Mughal Empire in India, Pugachev's Revolt in the Russian Empire, and the White Lotus Rebellion in China mirrored the rebellions in the Atlantic world. But as oue leader fell or was captured, another replaced him, and as the rebellion was extinguished in one place, it blazed out in another. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. [4], Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. ." The White Lotus Rebellion was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. A CHOICE OUTSTANDING ACADEMIC TITLE The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. The Cult of the White Lotus, a secret revolutionary society, has once again become popular among the common people. In China, the Qing Dynasty had just put down the White Lotus Rebellion, a tax protest that ultimately killed about 16 million people a reminder that mass death and population growth don't . Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. A similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China as tax protests. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. The White Lotus rebellion was an eight year uprising that led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. On assuming effective power in 1799, however, Emperor Chia Ch'ing (reigned 17961820) overthrew the Ho-shen clique and gave support to the efforts of the more vigorous Manchu commanders as a way of restoring discipline and morale. One Qing response was to suppress the word "revolution" by banning it from their world-history textbooks. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. With its weaknesses exposed, China began to lose power over its peripheral regions. These three Atlantic RevolutionsAmerican, French, and Haitianwere part of a broader world crisis at the end of the eighteenth century. [6], The Qing commanders sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. As one Qing official complained:[6], "The rebels are all our own subjects. Southern Shensi, with its great amounts of vacant land, attracted immigrants on a large scale after severe famines and crop failures had occurred in Hupeh and Szechwan provinces in the 1770s. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). France seized Southeast Asia, creating its colony of French Indochina. It had cost the lives of countless civilians and regular troops, including more than 400 high officers, and consumed more than 200 million liang /tael, which corresponded to four times the annual revenues of the state treasury. The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. The Tipng Rebellion (1850-1864), a large-scale uprising that started in southern China, marched within miles of the capital in 1853. The White Lotus is a syncretic religious and political movement which forecasts the imminent advent of the "King of Light" , i.e., the future Buddha Maitreya. Talking about Yuan's decline and fall, you should learn something about White Lotus Society. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Imperial forces. The rebels are all our own subjects. Imperial Mistakes In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures used by the religious groups. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. Because of the brutality of the Qing troops, however, the troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. After 48 years, official Zeng Guofan studied and was inspired by the dynasty's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion while considering ways to defeat the Taiping movement. - systematic program of pacification followed, Causes and effects of internal challenges; Wh, taiping (Taip'ing) rebellion: reasons for the, taping rebellionconsequences for Chinese soc, tongzhi restoration and self-strengthening mo, collectivisation (maintenance of power, stali, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. In the closing years of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, they organized resistance to the foreign overlords, and now they are doing so again, but against the reigning Ming Dynasty! ", McCaffrey, Cecily. Szczepanski, Kallie. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. Encyclopedia.com. Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 In the deeply forested border area between the provinces Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi, a lot of homeless "floating" people (liumin ) had gathered to escape the grip of landowners, creditors and tax collectors. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. After the strnggle had lasted six years, Lin Chi-hich was captunredd. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded, they were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." Kublai Khan (1215-1294) was the greatest of the Mongol emperors after Genghis Khan and founder of the Yan dynasty in China., Tibet from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. [5] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. Welcome to White Lotus Dental: At White Lotus Dental our goal is to provide the highest quality dental care in a comfortable, relaxed and friendly environment. Then a turn of fortune and successive victories of the imperialists would almost annihilate their armies and crush all their hopes. Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. During much of that time, China was the single, undisputed superpower in East Asia, with neighboring lands such as Korea, Vietnam, and an often-reluctant Japan trailing in its cultural wake. ", Dai, Yingcong. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus members dedicated themselves to the overthrow of the alien Manchu and to the return of the previous Ming dynasty (13681644). Qing control weakened and prosperity diminished by the 19th century. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. Vast sums of money earmarked for the campaign against the rebels, however, were embezzled by the imperial favourite Heshen and his friends. Omissions? Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History. Find your perfect car with Edmunds expert reviews, car comparisons, and pricing tools. [6], A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. The rebellion grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than four thousand soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. They are not like some external tribe . Not until the Qianlong emperor died in 1799 was Heshen removed and the war really prosecuted. ThoughtCo. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. He simply and quietly disappeared. Here, the White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. After both died in battle in 1796, Beijing sent new officials but none were successful. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. After more than 2,000 years, though, Chinese imperial power under the last Chinese dynasty was about to collapse for good. The White Lotus led impoverished slaves to freedom, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. As a result of such technological improvements, the Chinese population exploded, increasing from just shy of 178 million in 1749 to almost 359 million in 1811; and by 1851, the population in Qing dynasty China was close to 432 million people. At first, farmers in regions adjacent to Mongolia worked for the Mongols, but eventually, the people in the overcrowded Hubei and Hunan provinces flowed out and into the region. Where this rebellion took place and the Qing Empires reaction: . It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion."[7]. https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion, "White Lotus Rebellion This page was last updated at 2022-12-21 05:40 UTC. List of battleships of the United States Navy, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, http://www.scribd.com/doc/37359117/Bodycount-Final, http://books.google.com/books?id=Md801mHEeOkC&pg=PA9, History of Chinese Culture on History.com. In the stockades they were organized into local militia defense corps. At the same time, technologies for treating contagious diseases such as smallpox, and the extensive use of fertilizers and irrigation techniques were also imported from the West. In its last stage, the Ch'ing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Alternate titles: Bailianjiao, Pai-lien chiao, San Jos State University - The White Lotus Religion in China. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent . }, Page last modified: In 1774, one instance of a derivative sect, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing near the city of Linqing. The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government.

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