endobj Larimer County Community Corrections uses a disciplinary model known as BSMART. They are waiving specific regulations that require a living room of 220 square feet with 100 square feet per occupant. Also, the show more button below will come in handy when you have more than ten results. To this end, you have to kick things off by exploring different state regulations and codes. For more info contact Larimer County Clerk & Recorder Vehicle Licensing Office through the website, For more information, please consult the Larimer County Building Dept. <> Information is available on the Department's website at. Even though the laws guiding the parking of tiny homes are a little complicated, some tiny homeowners have been able to park their structures in rural areas without any issues. Later amended and extended countywide for STRs, Public interest in Tiny Homes has grown substantially in recent years. While the building codes dont specifically mention tiny homes, the state has a way of working around some of the requirements and regulations. For more information, please consult the Larimer County Building Dept. In what states is it legal to live in a tiny house? In Wilmington, for instance, tiny homes need to meet the following requirement: In Winston-Salem, things are a little different, and here is why: While North Carolina is undoubtedly opening up to tiny homes, the residents here are still very much divided over tiny homes. Whether it is site-built or transported to the designated land, the law stipulates that these types of structures must be permanently attached to a foundation. Unfortunately, until the states Recreational Vehicle Industry Association assumes responsibility for codes and inspection, we are afraid that your tiny home on wheels will have to get a special trip permit or commercial hauler if you plan to move your home. Whether movers in Fort Collins are helping you Business reporter Craig Young has worked in a variety of editing and reporting positions at the Loveland Reporter-Herald since joining the staff in 1982. Please contact the Larimer County Department of Health and Environment if you need additional information about the process for permitting and installing an on-site wastewater treatment system. Though ADUs arent currently permitted in RS5 or RS3 districts, you wont have any issue in RS7, RS10, RS20, and RS40 districts. The placement of, and hookups to, the recreational vehicle must be in compliance with all applicable building, health, fire, electrical, mechanical and related codes (permits may be required). Chapter 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS. One of the big barriers, they say, is finding a place to put a tiny home. Sure, some of the rules and regulations guiding the use of tiny homes in Oregon can be quite confusing; Oregon is still home to many tiny home communities. Jared Polis lifted the statewide mask mandate on May 14.. An RV can either have its own motor power or be mounted on or towed by another vehicle, including camping trailers, fifth wheel trailers, motor homes, travel trailers and truck campers. Other rooms within the structure should measure at least 70 square feet or more. Almost all new code editions have been adopted since then. All you need to do is contact the relevant local agency with your request. Servicedelays are likely. Plus, the owners of tiny homes are expected to get a conditional use permit in this case. In Nantucket, for instance, residents are allowed to have a third dwelling provided these structures are up to 550 sq ft. Larimer County planners held an unusually formatted public meeting at the Estes Park Community Center on Wednesday, hoping to address the fears of owners of short-term rental properties in the unincorporated Estes Valley while still supporting the concerns from those properties' neighbors about noise, trash and traffic that prompted the county Both the Town and County also adopted Land Use Code rules and procedures for Vacation Homes. A fee for an additional inspection is required . The remaining flows from fixtures connected to sinks, bath tubs or showers, and laundry facilities are called grey water. RVs on a lot with a dwelling may be stored year round. , 71 Fire House Lane, Red Feather Lakes; Berthoud . [/;9R#O>'~>(2iu%i[p/HS8$cYS D(.*=.-#x8t[-Q)$~-^u:'Km`J8'9_V|$!-jdVE[-e$:ha(TbwM#]MA>'Wx'XOVh('w,2l_Enr/r]Q" eR6B`){{4va/IEuFV" In an interview after the work session, Gilbert said the county doesnt pursue individual residential properties that might be out of compliance, but it is proactive in the case of a business with multiple structures, such as the proposed tiny-home park. /Filter /FlateDecode The lot where the RV is located can be owner occupied or leased to an occupant of the RV for a minimum of 31 consecutive days. If you plan to accommodate additional persons, then you must include an extra 50 square feet for every extra person. Title: Microsoft Word - Tiny Houses (Health Edits 2019).doc Author: hardinka Created Date: 9/1/2020 11:47:04 AM Fort Collins, CO 80521 Ca>R0zT>7v= P/A%H]X"XmPKWiJRF:T*$_x7j+DYcIO~5F9ZhzpRYb,zA#]{8JFIhAONl$6$_ w JH4>y. ( K_@++%j /d(*UmEHOn+;;_|rR%8 Kbgj4GLt_@b13H-v4z 8 y9PG,jHU'n,D6og$IA2.A"SCY-kxQ!+h/.ZE'g=0xI@(M!b!Q0"Y.2 Bu|/_Z8Li9K2!T`Ks:jFVzc 7P-q&@J q}]vE Please contact the Larimer County Department of Health and Environment if you need additional information about the process for permitting and installing an on-site wastewater treatment system. While we will gladly accept anonymous comments, if you would like to participate in further discussion, or receive a response to your questions or concerns, please provide contact information below (name, email and/or phone #). Thank you for your patience and understanding. Tiny homes are expected to comply with the states housing ordinances. For the last two decades, Larimer County has amended its. And just like many states in the US, the building codes and zoning regulations in Alabama vary sharply from one county to the other. Estes Park, CO 80517 These tiny houses have received a label approving their status as a Nebraska Modular Housing Unit. If the Tiny House has NO interior water fixtures such as a sink, tub, shower or toilet, an additional option that can be considered for seasonal or weekend use may be a vaulted privy. They are not considered permanent homes and cannot be occupied year-round. Map of Facilities, ex: "northern Larimer County" or "in the mountains west of Loveland". Information is available on the Department's website at, http://larimer.org/health/ehs/isds.asp, or by calling (970) 498-6775. For more information, questions, or comments, please contact Larimer County Chief Building Official Eric Fried at efried@larimer.org or (970) 498-7705. |*;(F438=Y1ku^tQYUt$:/dG76@] !p\9bW0lF ?a[04XP^xT*zlp[A- wdL`26efY]'Ch} ;4/q^Sbsabhkeigp~Q]#4qb8jzXQv=R)F}>A~A"'N8Nxyl f{:&lX i 8ci su*/'BjE8Y>R(z? If there are other code issues you would like to weigh in on, or simply have question or general comments, wed love to hear them. Read on to learn more specifics about tiny home laws as they cut across different states in the United States. The permit also allows people to own tiny homes without regard for zoning regulations. Gov. 200 W. Oak Street Larimer County has jurisdiction for unincorporated areas outside of city or town limits. The plumbing construction must be connected to an approved sewage system. So if a state doesnt recognize these structures as legitimate in its zoning regulations and building codes, then its very likely that it is illegal. +`FA-2j O5sc(o~!Ix8. $`\ ?-Q &p!xD}KzB`,#6ROio3Uv%F85#^-xw)q\(JS SZe?_#|?F`9}_S}l$d -#65JdgzJ0)`_@ zTy0qj?tZ_^4Gu6, The Sizing of Your Tiny Home. With that move, tiny home enthusiasts can build tiny houses with a minimum square footage of 800 square feet, which is only allowed in R1 zones. Wastewater generated inside a Tiny House may not be discharged onto the ground surface or into a lake or stream. jh1uKcX_ KqmL#-)R7K5y[b^s*,W4 rated roof coverings in the, The building codes require permits for swimming pools greater than two feet deep to prevent drowning and other hazards, especially for small children. Tiny homes are expected to have: One full bathroom with a ceiling height that measures approximately 6 feet and 4 inches. A Tiny House on Wheels is considered a Recreational Vehicle (RV) and regulated by the Land Use Code (LUC) instead of the building code. Eric Fried, the countys building official, said a tiny home cant be put on a permanent foundation and hooked up to electric, water, sewer and other utilities unless it complies with the countys building code and is inspected. Since its an open secret that regulations for tiny houses vary from one county to the next, its always a wise move to reach out to the relevant authorities to learn precisely what the law says. Any tiny home that is not on wheels must be secured on a foundation. To this end, you want to check the citys guidelines to know whats legal and whats not. For example, the tiny homes statute provides that an Oregon city with a population of 2,500+ or a county with a population of 15,000+ must allow for the development of at least one permanent tiny home as an accessory dwelling unit. And given the rising cost of homes, its easy to see why most people in Texas are opting for more affordable housing options. Proponents of tiny houses variously tout the benefits of a downsized, nonmaterialistic lifestyle and the diminutive dwellings potential to help deal with the inability of many in Northern Colorado to afford single-family homes. When it comes to the tiny home movement, Alaska is among some of the friendly states that have opened their doors to tiny houses. 1 0 obj /Length1 533068 To comply with zoning regulations and building codes in Idaho, your tiny home must meet these criteria: The laws in Indiana allow each council to have its unique building codes. A " Tiny House on Wheels " is considered a Recreational Vehicle (RV) While the tiny home trend continues to sweep through the US, not all states are there yet. This 365-square-foot custom home, shown Sept. 21, was built by Kamtz Tiny Home Co. in Johnstown. In Philadelphia, for instance, there is no minimum size for houses. When it comes to tiny homes in Maine, the law allows: That said, towns and cities still have the right to either approve or deny the construction of these structures. And as per population, the county is reportedly the second most populated county in Arizona, with a large portion of the county made up of Tucson and its suburbs. . Phone: (970) 498-7700 FORT COLLINS Tiny homes still face an uphill regulatory battle in Larimer County, which was made clear during a work session Monday of the county commissioners and staff members from the. COVID-19 Info COVID Dashboard Weather Alerts Red Flag Warning. Every three years, after extensive committee meetings, public hearings, and on-line voting by building code officials across the U.S. to consider proposed changes,the International Code Council (ICC) publishes a new edition of the model building codes (International Building Code, Residential Code, Plumbing Code, etc.) While some of these building codes and zoning regulations come into effect at state levels, others are put in place by the county or city to maintain the citys construction roadmap. Your Email * Confirm Email * Message . In Briley Township, for instance, tiny homes are defined as dwellings under the citys Economy Efficient Dwelling project. #;Ksz(Ib CAk Categories appear once the search form is submitted. The lower limit keeps fires contained until firefighters can arrive, but it conflicts with national code rules and can add costs. While we will gladly accept anonymous comments, if you would like to participate in further discussion, or receive a response to your questions or concerns, please provide contact information below (name, email and/or phone #). Tiny homes in Park County are expected to have separate closets and a private bathroom with a water closet, lavatory, and bathtub. Starting with Breckenridge, the law here requires tiny homes to be fixed on permanent foundations. So for tiny home enthusiasts looking to build their homes in this county, you must ensure you install stairs or ladders if your tiny home has a loft. While these homes are generally called tiny houses, they are also referred to as accessory dwelling units, a granny flat, or a granny cottage. feet. Here's your guide to the 2021 election in Larimer County, including Colorado ballot measures and Loveland, Wellington and Windsor races. Also, Oregon is known to host the famous Tiny House Hotel. Electronic Building Permit Submittal Is Here!! Like traditional homes and recreational vehicles, tiny homes in Nebraska must comply with the states zoning requirements. The biggest point of legal separation between the two is whether or not the tiny home has a foundation. The term "tiny house" usually means one of two things: 1) an RV/trailer/house on wheels, or 2) a small house on a foundation, whether prefabricated (manufactured/modular) or built on site. The RV must have a current registration and vehicle license. On the other hand, if it is less than 400 square feet, it is classified as a trailer and treated as such under the relevant building codes and zoning regulations. endobj Find out more about different county regulations. There are restrictions on where and when they can be lived in. The last type of tiny house that is recognized by Nebraska is a home on wheels that complies with the Park Model Recreational Vehicle Standard, the National Fire Protection Association Code 1192 or the NFPA Standard on Recreational Vehicles. To better inform the review committees work and engage interested stakeholders in these deliberations, Larimer County Chief Building Official is seeking your opinion on a series of questions related to the 2021 code update. Afn}^Xk?># @ jypZ_= y HW^ytH` 9xL~A } n8wMf 12Q[@L nByr_~uVkjMm4 3NWX~[R6/60Y b}w,=iN:7 fSOS\7Pmh!kV@fK-p,7wZl3~,E-fyooa)Zm=a$wjf1=g:/nY)J y(SQ{B'dA7H{~bC(OLsBDLP^+whH0ld/L4"k>]{ Vu/WUP>*H=UQ.Fzn\_4w/ Which ones? Feel free to answer anonymously. While Indiana is home to many different tiny home communities, we are excited to see many regular housing communities open their doors to tiny homes. Because of how friendly New Hampshire is to ADUs, we see more of these structures spring up regularly. Percent of staffed inpatient beds occupied by COVID-19 patients (7-day average): 1.6% (If this number rises to 10% or higher, that . Public sewer, a full on-site wastewater system, a sealed vault, or a vaulted privy can be designed to connect to the Tiny House while it is parked on a lot. The house must comply with New Mexicos energy conservation code. That said, many counties within this state have taken the bold move to make their counties welcoming to people who wish to live in tiny homes. As of right now, Alabama doesnt seem to be welcoming to tiny houses, and we hope things change in the near future. but it can also be stressful. (Identity) They really arent driving them around like a fifth wheel., Added Fried: People see that they fall through the cracks between an RV and a home. For instance, in Fort Worth, ADUs are required by law not to exceed 400 sq ft. Additionally, ADU permits must be obtained in person at town halls. Oregon is among the very few states in the United States that allow tiny homes on wheels to have titles. For campers, youll be happy to learn that Maine allows tiny homeowners to camp. The commissioners and staffers pointed out that the county doesnt allow people to live year-round in an RV 180 days is the limit, unless the vehicle is a temporary place to stay while a home is being built. Page 2 Last update: Jan. 27, 2015, 2021 by Mountain West Tiny Homes llc. While the tiny home movement will thrill anyone, most tiny home enthusiasts are lured by the promise of reduced stress, financial savings, green living, and improved quality of life, which the tiny home movement offers. endobj If you dont have an opinion, skip that one and move on. Type in search terms and click the (search) button -OR- Press the Enter Key on your keyboard to begin. through its website http://larimer.org/building/ or call 970-498-7700. Chad Gray, building and code compliance coordinator for the county, said the park would be built on state-owned school trust land and that the applicants had submitted a proposal to the State Land Board. Vaults must be pumped out by a licensed pumper each time they fill. And to make matters worse, tiny homes on wheels havent been exclusively defined in most zoning ordinances. Nothing may be attached to an RV or placed in a manner that would prevent or hinder the immediate removal of the RV. ADUs must have a room that is not less than 70 sq. Even though Vermont is seeing an upsurge in tiny homes, there are no statewide laws that guide the use of tiny homes. 2 0 obj For many commercial uses (occupancies) the International Building Code (IBC) requires either fire sprinklers or that Fire Areas (the area between fire walls, fire barriers or floor-ceiling assemblies) are no greater than 12,000 square feet. However, there needs to be an existing residential home on the lot. stream If you have been wondering if are tiny houses legal in Virginia then this updated 2023 guide will explore the laws and restrictions you need to know about before you build your tiny home.. With the tiny home movement sweeping through different states and counties, there is a need to address the legality of these modern homes that are dramatically causing a shift in the real estate niche. And for those who have no idea, this county is located on the southern border with Mexico. Vacation or recreational use of an RV on vacant land is allowed in the following zoning districts: o FO (Forestry), FO-1 (Forestry), O (Open), T (Tourist), o and only in the west half of Range 70, in ranges 71-78 and in Townships 11 and 12, Ranges 68-78 of the E (Estate), E-1 (Estate) and RE (Rural Estate). These are the types of toilet facilities seen at campgrounds and many trail heads. If you have an RV, youll have to build it according to the National Fire Protection Association standard for Recreational vehicles. April 26, 2022. P.O. Would you like to further discuss any of these topics? For tiny houses on wheels, the laws in Florida require that these structures be fully registered as recreational vehicles. Proudly created with Wix.com. On a good note, Rogers went the extra mile to designate a small area to be specifically used for tiny home construction. Categories appear once the search form is submitted. Over the years, the Larimer County Building Division has worked with neighboring jurisdictions like Fort Collins, Loveland, and Estes Park to try to adopt the same code with similar amendments. Also, guest houses arent allowed to have a stove. To this end, you have to explore additional location-specific requirements, so you dont end up on the wrong side of the law. Note: If you have an emergency, please call 911. That said, this doesnt include structures like Log Cabin Rule that are considered private homes. Also, the ADUs must be occupied by relatives or caretakers. Each housing area has different expectations such as a minimum size could be 1,500 square feet. The county only approves ADUs on single-family lots. Though tiny homes on wheels are recognized as RVs by the law in most areas, some areas like campgrounds do not permit these types of structures on their property, so you have to keep that too in mind. BeginningFebruary 6, 2023, electronic permitsubmittal will be available for registered users on thefollowing building permits: Using theOnline Portal, you can submitonline, we will review plans using Bluebeam, corrections can be uploaded via the portal and permit issuance will be done electronically. Larimer County plans to follow Colorado's state public health guidelines related to COVID-19. Home Tiny house Laws by State USA The Updated Guide 2023, Tiny house Laws by State USA The Updated Guide 2023, Tiny homes and the variations you should know. If you need to report a crime or ask a police related question, please call the Larimer County Sheriff's Office at 970-416-1985. The, Larimer Countys location along the Rocky Mountain Front Range provides serious climate challenges: extreme winds, heavy snows, high wildfire danger and severe hailstorms. The house must have at least one window that doubles as an emergency exit. To maintain the high level of training and certification we need to do our jobs well, much of our staff will be attending classes, while others will be temporarily reassigned to cover co-workers job duties. This means your tiny home must have mechanical equipment, safety features, lighting, and ventilation. Each day the RV is physically on the lot shall count towards the maximum 180 days. That said, Anchorage and other surrounding towns do not have official building codes for tiny homes at this time. You dont have to answer them all. This year, the Chief Building Officials of many northern Colorado jurisdictions met often to try to coordinate building code adoption more closely, leading to a joint Fort Collins/ Larimer County 2021 Code Review Committee meeting every Tuesday from 10 am to 1 pm in Spring and Summer. Florida has incredibly specific rules about the minimum and overall size of your tiny home, meaning they will decide just how tiny your tiny home can be. While there are currently no statewide laws for tiny homes in Pennsylvania, we are happy to see regions like Philadelphia make unique laws to accommodate tiny homes. Whether your Tiny House is built on a permanent foundation or on wheels like a recreational vehicle, wastewater generated inside will need to be properly managed. Where to Find More Information and How to Get Involved, Note: Larimer County is also reviewing how we regulate Accessory Living Areas under our Land Use Code Phase 2 Update. <> Box 1190, Fort Collins, Colorado 80522-1190, Planning (970) 498-7683 Building (970) 498-7700, Larimer.org. /Length 178008 To this end, they must comply with RV laws for Texas. The term "tiny house" usually means one of two things: an RV/trailer/house on wheels, or a small house on a foundation, whether pre-fabricated (manufactured/modular) or built on site. As a matter of fact, some counties and cities in Arkansas have deliberately added these restrictions to prevent the spread of the tiny home movement. 5 0 obj If your tiny home is placed on a campground for more than 120 days, you must comply with all requirements for residential structures. hbbd```b``'@$'"u&d "Yb'X$vM``C`_ =eDrGH `@ $=tO%Cd Due to inclement weather, all Larimer County Offices will delay ope, Video summary released regardingNovember 21, 2022 officer-involved shooting. Note: If you have an emergency, please call 911. Because pumping is expensive, vault systems are generally practical for seasonal or weekend use only. Nonetheless, the city has tweaked tiny home requirements for stairways, exit doors, and minimum square footage. Unfortunately, their laws dont allow tiny homes to accommodate more than three people. Unfortunately, major cities in Vermont are quite strict when it comes to tiny homes. For instance, zoning laws in Atlanta dont permit full-time living in a guest home. Massachusett doesnt currently allow ADUs in many towns and cities. COVID-19 Info COVID Dashboard Weather Alerts Red Flag Warning. An address must be assigned to the lot and the address must be displayed pursuant to county requirements. When it comes to tiny houses in this state, two types exist: RVs and ADUs. Larimer County commissioners discuss tiny-home, Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Larimer County commissioners discuss tiny-home issues, Loveland Museum showcases mid-century masters of the New York School, Loveland, Berthoud law enforcement calls: Arrests for impaired driving, Colorado property owners to face astronomical tax increases next year, Man charged with shooting at Larimer County deputies sentenced to 18 years in prison, Brought to you by Prairie Mountain Publishing, Ramsey house in Boulder listed for sale for almost $7M, New breakfast spot serving up egg dishes in downtown Loveland, Future Legends receives liquor, entertainment license, Loveland adds new downtown festival this summer, Woods market to locate large grocery in Johnstown, In-N-Out closes on property for Loveland restaurant in Centerra, NoCo airport to decommission 4 hangars, displacing 47 planes, Ferguson High School student business wins top DECA award, Winning designs for Colorados 150th-anniversary license plates revealed, As Adderall shortage continues, DEA plans to limit some telemedicine prescriptions, House where JonBenet Ramsey was found dead listed for sale for almost $7M, Columbia University permanently drops SAT, ACT admissions requirement, The Waterbed Doctor: California retailer lays claim to retro bed with nearly 40 years of service, sales, Felonious Florida podcast: Missing teenage girl leads to several cases of child sex trafficking, Do Not Sell/Share My Personal Information. Unfortunately, all these requirements havent clearly defined what tiny homes on wheels are. COVID-19 Info COVID Dashboard Weather Alerts Red Flag Warning. No. For tiny homes built on a foundation, here is what the law states: Apart from Maine, only a few states in the US have statewide construction guides for tiny homes. through its website. You may need to leave a message for a specific staff member, who will get back to you as soon as they can. In some states, the laws guiding the use of ADUs expressly stipulate that these types of structures can only be built on land that already has an existing home on it. While the process can be a bit tedious, you may end up tilting things to your favor. The lower limit keeps fires contained until firefighters can arrive, but it conflicts with national code rules and can add costs. Your tiny home structure must comply with the modular design. COVID-19 Info COVID Dashboard Weather Alerts Red Flag Warning. As of right now, Pima county is among the most friendly tiny home counties in all of Arizona. 43) View what's changed. Unfortunately, the Log Cabin Rule in Indiana does not apply to tiny homes on wheels as these structures are expected to be fitted on a permanent foundation. And because it is movable, this type of home is generally classed as a recreational vehicle and must be registered with the states motor vehicle department. Can I buy land and put a tiny home on it? 200 W. Oak Street Engineered plans may be required. Also, keep in mind that this is only allowed in residential neighborhoods. If it is a site-built tiny home instead, the regulations guiding this type of structure vary from one location to the next. The structure can either be pre-fabricated (manufactured/modular) or built on site under a valid building permit. a)i@2AnQq |40CAw[/3a6ysn S>k`aTVU87>X5P8QGs++*Gm :*NI%8KE The only special requirement in Texas as it pertains to tiny homes is that these structures on wheels must be tied down to a permanent foundation, with their wheels removed. 3. Should Larimer County (select preferred options): Tiny homes are becoming increasingly popular in South Dakota, and thats because the state has some of the most friendly laws for tiny homes. Tiny homes need to have a minimum square footage of at least 120 square feet or more. As per one-person occupancy, the law requires that tiny homes must have a minimum square footage of 120 sq ft. On the flip side, two-person occupancy requires 320 square footage. The RV cannot be located on the lot for more than 180 days in any 12-month period. It seems like it would make it very hard for someone to go Tiny since getting a lot just for the tiny house is very expensive compared to price of house so they need to be able to move into an existing lot with existing water, etc. A full on-site wastewater system is most common, consisting of a septic tank and soil treatment area (or leach field). They offer huge financial benefits, as they are cheaper to buy, insure, maintain . In Clark County, for instance, building a shed that is over 200 sq. In Park County, for instance, there are robust codes for site-built tiny homes, and we will get to all of that in a bit. FAQ Handouts Inspections Residential Fire Sprinkler Webinar Resources Wind & Snow Load Information Board of Appeals NEW Contractor Notifications Contact Us 200 W. Oak Street, Suite 3100 PO Box 1190 Fort Collins, CO 80522-1190 Phone: (970) 498-7700 Inspection Request Line: (970) 498-7697 Hours: 8am - 4pm (Monday - Friday) Estes Park office Going forward, Larimer County plans to regulate all new transient rental homes under STR guidelines and require new small owner-occupied lodging homes and resort lodge cottages to comply with the most critical life safety rules as well. Like traditional residential homes, tiny houses are also subject to building code requirements. ft. CODE County of LARIMER, COLORADO Codified through Ordinance No. For many commercial uses (occupancies) the International Building Code (IBC) requires either fire sprinklers or that Fire Areas (the area between fire walls, fire barriers or floor-ceiling assemblies) are no greater than 12,000 square feet.

Texture Fingers Color Analogy, Mark Reuss Daughter, Articles L