She and Isabella Andreini were the two most famed actresses of the era, and described as great rivals. 214 lessons. Characters like Harlequin, Columbina, Il Capitano, and Pantalone emerged as the form developed, representing stereotypes like trickery, innocence, and foolishness. Shakespeare's Romeo andMoulin Rouge's Christian are two possible examples of Lelios. The lovers, who played unmasked, were scarcely true commedia dellarte characterstheir popularity depending on looks, grace, and fluency in an eloquent Tuscan dialect. By the mid-16th century, specific troupes of commedia performers began to coalesce, and by 1568 the Gelosi became a distinct company. The Art of Commedia: A Study in the Commedia Dell'Arte 1560-1620 with special reference to the visual records, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vittoria_Piisimi&oldid=1106412202, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 24 August 2022, at 13:24. In keeping with the tradition of the Italian Academies, I Gelosi adopted as their impress (or coat of arms) the two-faced Roman god Janus. Characters would often be passed down from generation to generation, and characters married onstage were often married in real life as well, seen most famously with Francesco and Isabella Andreini. Despite fluctuations the Gelosi maintained stability for performances with the "usual ten": "two vecchi (old men), four innamorati (two male and two female lovers), two zanni, a captain and a servetta (serving maid)". [25] Commedia often performed inside in court theatres or halls, and also as some fixed theatres such as Teatro Baldrucca in Florence. Often either an orphan or the daughter of an undesirable father (plot-wise at the time, "undesirable fathers" could include paupers, alcoholics, or--like Jessica in Merchant of Venice--Jews), Vittoria enters the play with a greater level of "street smarts," chutzpah, and--quite often--maturity due to her past. Commedia dell'arte troupes are still performing today, so don't pass up the chance to see this unique and influential theatrical form! While not a pushover (in some productions, he may even be a master swordfighter), he nonetheless has a dreamer's eye and a poet's heart. The Punch and Judy puppet shows, popular to this day in England, owe their basis to the Pulcinella mask that emerged in Neapolitan versions of the form. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. . Leliothe male counterpart to Vittoria, Lelio is sensitive and philosophical. After its dissolution (c. 1621) a number of its actors became associated with the French version of the commedia dellarte, the Comdie-Italienne in Paris. [17] Some historians argue that Atellan stock characters, Pappus, Maccus+Buccus, and Manducus, are the primitive versions of the commedia characters Pantalone, Pulcinella, and il Capitano. Arlecchino, often known in English as Harlequin, is a servant whose primary interest is food. Already in its early days, commedia dell'arte began influencing other theater, like William Shakespeare's plays The Tempest, The Taming of the Shrew, and Love's Labor's Lost, which feature characters and situations that recall those from commedia dell'arte. [46], The classic, traditional plot is that the innamorati are in love and wish to be married, but one elder (vecchio) or several elders (vecchi) are preventing this from happening, leading the lovers to ask one or more zanni (eccentric servants) for help. Archetype: Brighella He sometimes has a tear painted on one cheek, giving him a very similar appearance to some contemporary images of clowns. Commedia dell'arte is a theatrical form characterized by improvised dialogue and a cast of colorful stock characters that emerged in northern Italy in the fifteenth century and rapidly gained popularity throughout Europe. Conventional plot lines were written on themes of sex, jealousy, love, and old age. Actors were versed in a plethora of skills, with many having joined troupes without a theatre background. [45] The 18th century is when the iconic Arlecchino look with the diamond shaped lozenges took shape. She and Isabella Andreini were the two most famed actresses of the era, and described as great rivals. [7] Many troupes were formed to perform commedia, including I Gelosi (which had actors such as Andreini and her husband Francesco Andreini),[14] Confidenti Troupe, Desioi Troupe, and Fedeli Troupe. Today, there is still great interest in performing commedia dell'arte all over the world. Though merely speculative, these conjectures have revealed the existence of rustic regional dialect farces in Italy during the Middle Ages. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Moliere made great use of the Columbina archetype in his maids (see especially Dorine in Tartuffe), though she also often pops up in "funny-but-wise best friend" positions in various contemporary romantic comedies. His mask has round cheeks and a snub nose. [8][9] A commedia, such as The Tooth Puller, is both scripted and improvised. A typical scenario involved a young couples love being thwarted by their parents. In the early period, representative works by painters at Fontainebleau were notable for their erotic depictions of the thinly veiled innamorata, or the bare-breasted courtesan/actress. Commedia Dell'Arte survived to further influence the dramatic arts, it went on to significantly influence works of Shakespere such as "As You Like It', "Twelth Night" and "The Merchant Of Venice . In 1589, the Gelosi troupe performed in Florence at the wedding of Grand Duke Ferdinand de Medici and Christina of Lorraine. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. These characters tended to be stereotypes, with most of them embodying a single primary trait. Commedia dell'arte. In Italian, Innamorati means lovers. In the 17th century as commedia became popular in France, the characters of Pierrot, Columbina and Harlequin were refined and became essentially Parisian, according to Green.[43]. Stock characters and situations also appear in ballet. Dopo la morte della moglie, Otto, un sessantenne scorbutico e cocciuto, costretto a lasciare il lavoro che ha svolto per quasi quarant'anni e per questo comincia a pensare di farla finita. It is possible that this kind of improvised acting was passed down the Italian generations until the 17th century when it was revived as a professional theatrical technique. Goldoni: Pantalone These characters were not the protagonists of plays, but they provided comic relief and helped move the plot along, often through humorous miscommunications. The Flemish influence is widely documented as commedia figures entered the world of the vanitas genre, depicting the dangers of lust, drinking, and the hedonistic lifestyle. These Roman comedies became quite popular in France, Germany, and England as well. Female characters (including female servants) are most often not masked (female amorose are never masked). The earliest known company formed in Padua in 1545, and by the turn of the seventeenth century troupes such as the Gelosi . As Pierrot, his winsome character carried over into later French pantomimes. Generally, the actors playing were diverse in background in terms of class and religion, and performed anywhere they could. He is handsome, brilliant, a genius, and a great swordsman -- or, at least, he is according to him! The parents were clearly differentiated. Performers made use of well-rehearsed jokes and stock physical gags, known as lazzi and concetti, as well as on-the-spot improvised and interpolated episodes and routines, called burle (singular burla, Italian for 'joke'), usually involving a practical joke. Commedia was the first theatrical form in Europe that featured women on stage and it was also the first professional form of theatre; all performances were funded entirely by audience donations. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Use tab to navigate through the menu items. He is typically another character's servant, trying to undermine their authority and chase after Columbina, his love interest. Updates? However, the connection to carnival (the period between Epiphany and Ash Wednesday) would suggest that masking was a convention of carnival and was applied at some point. Pantalone represents the love of money. Goldoni: Clarice To be able to hear Ramponi . Published December 19, 2014 at 7:31 AM PST. Her innocence is a bit of a ruse--depending on how she is performed, she may be a perky and flirtatious character, or a quick-witted one known to outsmart the others. Audiences came to see the performers, with plotlines becoming secondary to the performance. Their performances were considered the great highlight of the event and became a famous event of their rivalry. In commedia, each character embodies a mood: mockery, sadness, gaiety, confusion, and so forth. While Calmo's characters (which also included the Spanish Capitano and a dottore type) were not masked, it is uncertain at what point the characters donned the mask. 90% of romantic comedies (which, of course, owe a lot to Commedia) have this character -- part Johnny Bravo, part Captain Hammer, part Disney World guy who plays Gaston [rather than the more "evil" Gaston ofthe film]. [8][13] The characters are exaggerated "real characters", such as a know-it-all doctor called Il Dottore, a greedy old man called Pantalone, or a perfect relationship like the Innamorati. Commedia dell'arte. Arlecchino is the lovable pauper who is usually on the wrong side of the Masters, but always beloved by the audience. While Pantalone seems foolish, Il Dottore is portrayed as wise. commedia dellarte, (Italian: comedy of the profession) Italian theatrical form that flourished throughout Europe from the 16th through the 18th century. With the dispatch of the Italian comedians from France in 1697, the form transmogrified in the 18th century as genres such as comdie larmoyante gained in attraction in France, particularly through the plays of Marivaux. Among the great innamorate, Isabella Andreini was perhaps the most widely known, and a medallion dedicated to her reads "eternal fame". Arlecchino (Harlequin), one of the zanni, was created by Tristano Martinelli as the witty servant, nimble and gay; as a lover, he became capricious, often heartless. Commedia Dell'Arte features stock characters, masks, and slapstick humor. Columbina, a maidservant, was often paired in love matches with Arlecchino, Pedrolino, or the Capitano. [31] Members would also splinter off to form their own troupes, such was the case with the Ganassa and the Gelosi. Last edited on 13 February 2023, at 10:09, "Faction of Fools | A History of Commedia dell'Arte", https://calperformances.org/learn/program_notes/2011/pn_gerstein.pdf, "The Commedia dell'arte: Its Origins, Development & Influence on the Ballet", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commedia_dell%27arte&oldid=1139096957, Colorful tight-fitting jacket and trousers, Corduroy jacket and pants, red and white cross-striped socks, Can be colourful on par with Arlecchino or black and white, Compagnia dei Fedeli: active 16011652, with, Compagnia dei Confidenti: active 15741599; reformed under, Aguirre, Mariano 'Qu es la Commedia dell'arte' (Spanish). Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, Commedia Dell'Arte Characters and Costumes, Writing a Play: Script Format, Steps & Tips, What is Drama? Mozart's Don Giovanni sets a puppet show story and comic servants like Leporello and Figaro have commedia precedents. This Commedia Dell'Arte definition is insufficient, however, because Commedia was a particularly unusual kind of performance. The commedia dellarte was a form of popular theatre that emphasized ensemble acting; its improvisations were set in a firm framework of masks and stock situations, and its plots were frequently borrowed from the classical literary tradition of the commedia erudita, or literary drama. Depending on the version, he is the epitome of the grumpy old man, the dirty old man, the miserly old man, or all three. Of the same period were the Desiosi, formed in 1595, to which Tristano Martinelli (c. 15571630), the famous Arlecchino, belonged; the Comici Confidnti, active from 1574 to 1621; and the Uniti, under Drusiano Martinelli and his wife, Angelica, a company first mentioned in 1574. [6] Characterized by masked "types", commedia was responsible for the rise of actresses such as Isabella Andreini[7] and improvised performances based on sketches or scenarios. French playwrights, particularly Molire, gleaned from the plots and masks in creating an indigenous treatment. [33] The term vagabondi was used in reference to the comici, and remains a derogatory term to this day (vagabond). The death date of Piisimi is unknown. This and all interview clips on this page created for Piccolo Theatre. His mask is brown or black, with a beaked nose, and is decorated with wrinkles, warts, or other deformities. The works of a number of playwrights have featured characters influenced by the commedia dell'arte and sometimes directly drawn from it. And Isabella Andreini was a great, famous and cherished actress, cultivated and a poet of considerable talent, and also quite daring on stage. Despite contemporary depictions of scenarios and masks and descriptions of particular presentations, impressions today of what the commedia dellarte was like are secondhand. While the iconography gives evidence of the performance style (see Fossard collection), it is important to note that many of the images and engravings were not depictions from real life, but concocted in the studio. Indeed, Molire shared the stage with the Comdie-Italienne at Petit-Bourbon, and some of his forms, e.g. The first company, which performed in France and Spain as well as in Italy, was formed about 1574 under the leadership of the commedia actress Vittoria Piissimi and her actor husband, Giovanni Pellesini, who had created the mask of the character Pedrolino. Its stock characters and their costumes have developed over time. Comici performed written comedies at court. Marivaux softened the commedia considerably by bringing in true emotion to the stage. At this point, she was the most famous actress in Italy and was internationally known. Commedia characters also figure in Richard Strauss's opera Ariadne auf Naxos. In the early years of the commedia (mid-16th century), the Harlequin was a zanni (a wily and covetous comic servant), and he was cowardly, superstitious, and plagued by a continual . I Gelosi was the first incorporated theatre troupe of its kind that employed professional actors. Influences appear in the lodgers in Steven Berkoff's adaptation of Franz Kafka's The Metamorphosis. Numerous acting companies formed commedia dell'arte troupes, and the character types and costumes began to solidify in their performances in countries like Italy, France, and England. We've all heard of theater improv or improv art, well welcome to the 17th century's form of improv, commedia dell'arte. Commedia dell'arte actors viewed their bodies as machines; because their own faces were obscured by character masks and therefore stuck in essentially one expression, they had to rely on the rest of . Bean: Francis. There is also a female character known as The Courtisane who can also have a servant. Yet the art form never really died out. In 1797, in order to destroy the impromptu style of carnival as a partisan platform, Napoleon outlawed the commedia dell'arte. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The characters of Isabella, Lelio, Flavio and Vittoria, among many more are all part of the Innamorati. Pantalone is a miserly, crochety old man, who has a weakness for gold and, in some versions, for the ladies. Eventually the physical comedy came to dominate the performance, and, as the comic business became routine, it lost its vitality. [26] In the 1570s, English theatre critics generally denigrated the troupes with their female actors (some decades later, Ben Jonson referred to one female performer of the commedia as a "tumbling whore"). Pulcinella developed into the English character of Punch, as in Punch and Judy. [51], English literal translation: "learned comedies". The theatrical form known as the commedia dell'arte was highly improvisational, although through repeated performances its characters developed stock speeches and stage business and its scenarios gained fairly standard form. Doltish yet honest, he was often the victim of his fellow comedians pranks. The second troupe, which traveled principally in Italy, was established about 1610 under the leadership of the producer-director Flaminio Scala and the patronage of Giovanni de Medici. The Gelosi performed in Northern Italy and France where they received protection and patronage from the King of France. The use of original materials from this work for commercial purposes is strictly prohibited. [45][44] Over the gown, he would have a long black robe that went down to his heels, and he would have on black shoes, stockings, and breeches. [45][44] During the 17th century, the patches turned into blue, red, and green triangles arranged in a symmetrical pattern. Poor Pulcinella! Typically the story ends happily, with the marriage of the innamorati and forgiveness for any wrongdoings. Castagno describes the Flemish pittore vago (wandering painters) who assimilated themselves within Italian workshops and even assumed Italian surnames: one of the most influential painters, Lodewyk Toeput, for example, became Ludovico Pozzoserrato and was a celebrated painter in the Veneto region of Italy. The characters in Commedia Dell'Arte can be broadly divided into Zanni, Vecchi, and Innamorati. As the richest man in town, he holds a position of power and status in any scenario, with the plot usually revolving around Pantalone standing in the way of two young lovers being together (either because he prefers selling his daughter to someone else, or because he's creepily interested in the female lover himself). Review the commedia dell'arte genre. Most of these characters, with the exception of the lovers and Columbina, wore masks. Christian singing "Your Song" in Moulin Rouge, Archetype: Silvio/Flavio/etc. A more important, if less obvious, legacy of the commedia dellarte is its influence on other dramatic forms. The commedia dell'arte plays and scenari scripts collection spans the super-traditional (such as La Fortunata Isabella) to the new and modern (such as The Combat of the Masks.) [27] The Italian scholar Ferdinando Taviani has collated a number of church documents opposing the advent of the actress as a kind of courtesan, whose scanty attire and promiscuous lifestyle corrupted young men, or at least infused them with carnal desires. However, as currently used the term commedia dell'arte was coined in the mid-18th century.[29]. The pittore vago can be attributed with establishing commedia dell'arte as a genre of painting that would persist for centuries. As the form developed over the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, the stock characters became associated with particular costumes and masks. Columbinais often a "lead" servant of some kind -- perhaps a lady-in-waiting, perhaps a "head of household" maid -- she undeniably fits with the "zanni" class of servants, and yet, through her intelligence, her wit, her street smarts,and, at times, her ability to use her looks,physique, and batting eyelashses to get anything she wants out of men (including masters), she is often able to be the most influential character in the plot. Many of the basic plot elements can be traced back to the Roman comedies of Plautus and Terence, some of which were themselves translations of lost Greek comedies of the 4th century BC. Goldoni: Smeraldina Compagnie, or companies, were troupes of actors, each of whom had a specific function or role. - Terms, Time Periods and Styles, Elements of Drama: Characters, Plot, Setting & Symbolism, History of Drama: Dramatic Movements and Time Periods, What Is Musical Theater? Bean: Harry Dangle. Elements from this comedy were used to create further art forms, like the pantomime. This is a class of characters all falling under the same guidelines. Vittoria is one of Commedia's female lovers--but unlike Isabella, she tends to meet the"Diamond in the Rough" trope. He's a trickster, a bit devilish, known for causing mayhem. [citation needed] Tivoli has regular performances, while Bakken has daily performances for children by Pierrot and a puppet version of Pulcinella resembling Punch and Judy. Today, the most famous element of Commedia performance is its highly recognizable characters. Unlike other forms of theatre at the time, female Commedia characters were usually depicted by women. The stock characters remained influential, as evidenced in works like Igor Stravinsky's ballet Petrushka, Alfred Giraud's poetic cycle Pierrot Lunaire (and Arnold Schoenberg's musical work based on it), and many of Pablo Picasso's early paintings of Harlequins and Pierrots. He is typically portrayed as relatively corpulent, and often wears the recognizable attire of his profession. The comic operas of Gaetano Donizetti, such as Elisir d'amore, draw readily upon commedia stock types. One important character in Commedia shows is Arlecchino, or Harlequin, who performs physical comedy called lazzi, is always hungry, and carries a wooden stick. Companies would also find themselves summoned by high-ranking officials, who would offer patronage in return for performing in their land for a certain amount of time. He carries a wooden sword or stick that he uses as part of his antics, leading to his association with slapstick, or physical humor. For examples of strange instruments of various grotesque formations, see articles by Tom Heck, who has documented this area. Since the productions were improvised, dialogue and action could easily be changed to satirize local scandals, current events, or regional tastes, while still using old jokes and punchlines. La sua novit la professionalizzazione del. These characters are usually needed to produce a full scenario, since a significant amount of plays revolve around them. He usually wears a colorful jester costume and he carries a large wooden stick that he uses as a sword, a musical instrument, or other prop. Characters were identified by costumes, masks, and props, such as a type of baton known as a slapstick. She was often played in either a domino or no mask at all, and often dressed in high fashion. Molly Ringwald in Pretty in Pink is, perhaps, the Queen of the Vittorias. By the early 17th century, the zanni comedies were moving from pure improvisational street performances to specified and clearly delineated acts and characters. Other national dramatic forms absorbed the comic routines and plot devices of the commedia. If you could combine Vizzini from the Princess Bride, Zoidberg from Futurama, andOwl from Winnie the Pooh, you'd have Il Dottore. These helped audiences identify what each character personifies and made it easy to identify the character in each commedia dell'arte performance. Igor Stravinsky's Petrushka and Pulcinella allude directly to the tradition. From its earliest times, performances are unscripted, held outside, and employ few props. His costume is red and black, and he wears tight-fitting trousers and a flowing cape to suggest his flair and worldliness. His mask has a very long nose, making him easy to recognize. The origin of Commedia Dell'Arte plays is not entirely clear, though there is a clue in the name. Shakespeare's Romeo andMoulin Rouge's Christian are two possible examples of Lelios. Valsznleg mg az kori atellana-jtk hagyomnyaibl alakult, de termszetesen kzrejtszottak kialakulsban a minden vidken meglv npi csfoldk is. was established in Italy during the 16th century. At this event, the "rival prima donnas" Vittoria Piisimi performed as the gypsy in Zingara and Isabella Andreini as the madwoman in La Pazzia dIsabella. Webster's Vittoria, and Shakespeare's Beatrice, Viola, Portia, Juliet, and Ophelia. One part Kardashian, one part Taylor Swift, and a heaping helping of Cher from "Clueless.". Accounts of the early commedia, as far back as Calmo in the 1570s and the buffoni of Venice, note the ability of comici to sing madrigali precisely and beautifully. He may be portrayed as standing slightly bent over or with a humpback. Dottore Gratiano was, in origin, a Bolognese lawyer or doctor; gullible and lecherous, he spoke in a pedantic mixture of Italian and Latin. The Comdie-Italienne was formally established in France in 1653 and remained popular until Louis XIV expelled the Italian troupes in 1697. The commedia dell'arte was a form of popular theatre that emphasized ensemble acting; its improvisations were set in a firm framework of masks and stock situations, and its plots were frequently borrowed from the classical literary tradition of the commedia erudita, or literary drama. Please select which sections you would like to print: Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Comici-Confidenti. If you could combine Vizzini from the Princess Bride, Zoidberg from Futurama, andOwl from Winnie the Pooh, you'd have Il Dottore. She was for a time the director of the Gli Uniti company. The Innamorati. So the novelty of having real women acting added to the appeal. Italian commedia dell'arte companies appeared in France from the 16th century and pleased both the courtiers, who understood Italian, and the populace, which enjoyed the . con segno di vittoria coronato. The audience should feel that, given time to grow up and get some experience, he could actually be a decent human being, and part of our experience should be routing for him to do so. Archetype: Columbina This Commedia Dell . The company would have paid the performers a salary and charged admission to its shows - a big step . (archetypes)[29][39] The character's persona included the specific dialect of the region or town represented. It was largely improvised, with skilled actors reciting and adapting scenes and monologues to fit an ever-changing play. Sometimes called Arlechinno, Harlequin is one of the most instantly recognizable characters from commedia dell'arte. They would take advantage of public fairs and celebrations, most often in wealthier towns where financial success was more probable. For example, pantomime, which flourished in the 18th century, owes its genesis to the character types of the commedia, particularly Harlequin. 1595), was an Italian actress, singer, dancer, theatre director and musician. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Dopo il successo riportato al Teatro Garibaldi di Santa Maria Capua Vetere il mese . In the 18th century, Watteau's painting of commedia figures intermingling with the aristocracy were often set in sumptuous garden or pastoral settings and were representative of that genre. Traditionally his mask has a large, hooked nose, bushy eye brows, and often a glued on beard. Corrections? Trasseci l'ombra del primo parente, d'Abl suo figlio e quella di No, di Mos legista e ubidente; Abram patrarca e Davd re, Isral con lo padre e co' suoi nati e con Rachele, per cui tanto f, e altri molti, e feceli beati. In 1579-1581, she was the leader of her own theatre company. While generally personally unscripted, the performances often were based on scenarios that gave some semblance of a plot to the largely improvised format. Flaminio Scala, who had been a minor performer in the Gelosi published the scenarios of the commedia dell'arte around the start of the 17th century, really in an effort to legitimize the formand ensure its legacy. That said, don't mistake his self-infatuation with the more villainous Il Capitano -- Silvio, like Isabella, isn't a bad guy he's just a bit overly spoiled and sheltered. This was in reference to the nomadic nature of the troupes, often instigated by persecution from the Church, civil authorities, and rival theatre organisations that forced the companies to move from place to place. The first Commedia performances happened around 1551 when "unorganized strolling players, acrobats, street entertainers started to coalesce.". As this book demonstrates, the diva's . Leoncavallo's tragic melodrama Pagliacci depicts a commedia dell'arte company in which the performers find their life situations reflecting events they depict on stage. The rich verbal humour of the regional dialects was lost on foreign audiences. His mask has a hooked nose and he wears a white costume with a tall white cap and sometimes has a hunchback. E vo' che sappi che, dinanzi ad essi, spiriti umani non eran salvati. Vittoria: Vittoria was an orphan and dressed in tattered rags much like lelio she was always taken down a peg by her infatuation. The lovers, Innamorati, would wear what was considered to be the fashion of the time period. Vittoria Piisimi ( fl. As one of the lovers, the audience must care for her, and forgive her spoiled ways as a symptom of youth rather than true greed. Ruled by his id, he is like a ten-year-old on a sugar high, bouncing from idea to idea. [1] She was one of the most famous Italian actors of the period and known as the Divine Vittoria Piisimi. The company, first mentioned in 1568, was the first Commedia to tour outside Italy when it performed in Paris in 1571, and was described as the foremost commedia dellarte troupe. It is known for having masked characters and physical comedy. He often misunderstands orders he is given and is easily distracted. As the form began spreading across Europe, characters began to evolve further. His appetite (primarily for food, but also for drink and ladies) often leads him into mischief, though he doesn't have a single mean or cruel bone in his body.

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