Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. I conclude by arguing that while neither PAP(s) nor the twin world condition is necessary for an ascription of moral responsibility, given that each nevertheless makes reference to alternate possibilities in some form or other (as yet to be discussed), what is necessary is that one of these condition is satisfied: for where both fail to be satisfied, one cannot hold the agent of action morally responsible. s the chief of staff. In this way, other nations may assume a share of responsibility for such a fateful decision. The answer to the first suggestion is that although we undoubtedly are at present ahead of the rest of the world in this field, the fundamental facts of nuclear power are a subject of common knowledge. What are they supposed to show, according to Dennett? This protection can come only from the political organization of the world. Nevertheless, it is not at all certain that American public opinion, if it could be enlightened as to the effect of atomic explosives, would approve of our own country being the first to introduce such an indiscriminate method of wholesale destruction of civilian life. Le Corbusiers opinions of technology during his time continue to ring eerily true today. Why, according to Kane, does this example fail to show what Dennett thinks it shows? Russia, and even allied countries which bear less mistrust of our ways and intentions, as well as neutral countries may be deeply shocked by this step. In the past, science has often been able to provide also new methods of protection against new weapons of aggression it made possible, but it cannot promise such efficient protection against the destructive use of nuclear power. Here, Frankfurt presents the act of being able to do otherwise as a necessary condition for the ascription of moral responsibility. Furthermore one may suggest that other nations are now, or will soon be, not entirely unaware of our present achievements, and that consequently the postponement of a demonstration may serve no useful purpose as far as the avoidance of an armaments race is concerned, and may only create additional mistrust, thus worsening rather than improving the chances of an ultimate accord on the international control of nuclear explosives. The team usually (donates, donate) their old uniforms to a group of disadvantaged youth. The achievement of such an agreement will thus essentially depend on the integrity of intentions and readiness to sacrifice the necessary fraction of one's own sovereignty, by all the parties to the agreement. Which of these characteristics of world war I is illustrated by this central message? The certainty that German scientists were working on this weapon and that their government would certainly have no scruples against using it when available, was the main motivation of the initiative which American scientists took in urging the development of nuclear power for military purposes on a large scale in this country. Third parties help bridge the gap between state and federal legislators. It may be asked whether we cannot prevent the development of military nucleonics in other countries by a monopoly on the raw materials of nuclear power. I It is generally agreed that a person who has been coerced to do something did not do it freely and is not morally responsible for having done it. Amenities are spread along the highways and homes are nestled in parks and gardens and small farms, all surrounded by beautiful natural landscapes; Wright argues that 1,000 people to the hectare (2.47 acres) is looking not so far ahead. Question 16 options: For the ascription of moral responsibility, it is my contention that it is not necessary that S could have done otherwise, as required by PAP in its original formulation. How does he respond to the claim that the brainwasher is responsible for cult-man's actions (Principle of Transfer)? a) Neither Le Corbusier nor Frank Lloyd Wright could truly be said to have won the argument played out in the 1930s newspaper, as both got some ideas right and many wrong. The only reason to treat nuclear power differently from all other developments in the field of physics is the possibility of its use as a means of political pressure in peace and sudden destruction in war. Slider with three articles shown per slide. Donnelly argues both 'radical' cultural relativism and 'radical' universalism are misguided (1984, 403). Likewise: Here, S should not be morally praised for E in W1 as we must conclude that some form of intervention has occurred thereby making Ss action in W1 incongruent with what he would have done in W2. Philosophical Studies, 157, 177194. In 1962 Franck was the only artist invited to draw all four sessions of . Skyscrapers and other buildings today do take up more than 12 percent of the available land area in cities, but todays urban planners and designers are pushing for increased density, something Le Corbusier would have likely appreciated. Instead, the role played by alternative possibilities in the twin world condition is more subjunctive, insofar as what is described is a possibility rather than an actuality. What is Frankfurt's view on this? Thomas M. Franck Murry and Ida Becker Professor of Law Emeritus Professor Franck graduated from the University of British Columbia with a b.a. Alternate possibilities and moral responsibility. In the following sentences, circle the word that each underlined participial phrase modifies and draw an arrow from the participial phrase to the word it modifies. Ginet, C., & Palmer, D. (2010). For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions the informal advisers who work with the president to guide and shape their agenda, such a A Princeton University senior sounded off on "The Ingraham Angle" in response to his op-ed in . The scientific facts on which construction is based are well known to scientists of other countries. honoris causa by the University of British Columbia. Therefore, in making suggestions for the postwar organization of nucleonics, a discussion of political problems cannot be avoided. This may sound fantastic, but in nuclear weapons we have something entirely new in order of magnitude of destructive power, and if we want to capitalize fully on the advantage their possession gives us, we must use new and imaginative methods. The answer is that all that these advantages can give us is the accumulation of a larger number of bigger and better atomic bombs. He received the National Book Foundation's 5 Under 35 Award for his story collection Third Class Superhero, and was a finalist for the PEN Center USA Literary Award. SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT In our constitutional democracy, all persons who reside within the United Statesincluding In addition, I provide a further sufficient condition for moral responsibility the twin world condition and argue that this provides a means of justifying why the protagonist in Frankfurt-style scenarios (e.g., Jones) is still felt to be morally responsible. It may be very difficult to persuade the world that a nation which was capable of secretly preparing and suddenly releasing a new weapon, as indiscriminately as the rocket bomb and a thousand times more destructive, is to be trusted in its proclaimed desire of having such weapons abolished by international agreement. Elzein, N. (2013). Scientists have often before been accused of providing new weapons for the mutual destruction of nations, instead of improving their well-being. [18] It must be pointed out that in this field we are in a less favorable position than nations which are now more diffusely populated and either whose industries are more scattered, or whose governments have unlimited power over the movement of population and the location of industrial plants. The Principle of Alternate Possibilities as Sufficient but not Necessary for Moral Responsibility: A way to Avoid the Frankfurt Counter-Example, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11406-016-9690-2, Moral Responsibility, Alternative Possibilities, and Acting on Ones Own, Individually Sufficient and Disjunctively Necessary Conditions for Moral Responsibility, The Robustness Requirement on Alternative Possibilities, Problems with Rowlands Practical Conciliationism, How (not) to construct worlds with responsibility, In Search of the Trinity: A Dilemma for Parfits Conciliatory Project, Being and holding responsible: Reconciling the disputants through a meaning-based Strawsonian account, Lueck, Bryan: Obligation and the fact of sense, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2019, ISBN: 978 1 4744 4272 5. This theory also proposes that the psyche comprises three aspects: the id, ego, and superego. On the other hand, neither did Wright succeed in his wishes to rid our cities of skyscrapers and landlords (and in fact proposed his own mile-high skyscraper two decades later.) Supporters of the bombings generally believe that they prevented an invasion of the Japanese mainland, saving more lives than they took by doing so. Which claim is best supported by the evidence included in these maps-, Nationalistic movements influenced the borders in Europe at the end of World War I, The Balkans were referred to as the' "Powder keg of Europe" in the period before WWI because of their-, Blamed jews for Germany's loss of World War I, The Nuremberg Laws were written in order to, What is an immediate result of these laws enacted by the Nazi Party--, German Jews were stripped of personal liberties and property rights, Between which two years did the number of collective farms increase the most, Which of the following events was a result of the policy illustrated in the chart-, Which claim can best be supported by this passage-, New technology made warfare more destructive, Which of the following is a result of the historical trend present in the passage-, What implications is the author trying to make in the excerpt-, the Japanese militaristic culture fostered a dehumanization Chinese civilians lives, Which best helps explain the passage in its broader historical context-, The consequences of total war tactics on civilian populations, The example of mass atrocity and genocide introduced in the passage is most similar to which of the following examples, The allied forces firebombing of German cities like Hamburg or Dresden killing thousands, Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook. One might even say that the presence of a counterfactual intervener means that the environment does not enable alternate possibilities; so (b) is not satisfied. As long as nuclear bombs remain scarce (i.e. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 41(4), 505522. The best possible atmosphere for the achievement of an international agreement could be achieved if America could say to the world, "You see what sort of a weapon we had but did not use. "For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences.". We do not need, therefore, to draw on any notion of a pre-decision flicker of freedom. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield. Mapping my twin world condition onto the Frankfurt scenario, we should understand Joness action E to be congruent across W1 and W2. PDF | On Sep 1, 2002, I. Scobbie published Tom Franck's Fairness | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate You'll now receive updates based on what you follow! (2010). Stump, E. (1996). The interview captured many facets of Piaget's remarkable career: his roots in epistemology and natural history; his interests in the underlying processes of . For the ascription of moral responsibility, what is necessary is that alternate possibilities have some role to play in whatever conditions we devise to determine who is responsible and who is not, and why. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11406-016-9690-2, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11406-016-9690-2. Why, according to Kane, does this example fail to show what Dennett thinks it shows?, Frankfurt Examples. It requires study by statesmen and international lawyers, and we can offer only some preliminary suggestions for such a study. In the twin world condition, S is ascribed moral responsibility because alternate possibilities, should they have been available, would not have changed Ss decision making. - my will is free if it conforms with my second order desires (my will is my own). Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 80(3), 551565. Fischer, J. M., & Ravizza, M. (1991). Irrespective of which world one is referring to, then, S should be morally condemned for performing E in (1) but morally praised for the action carried out in (2). 21 Fairness, at 110. Since its founding it has been published fromColumbia University. Libertarianism and Frankfurts attack on the principle of alternative possibilities. Yet, in the twin world condition, the role played by alternate possibilities is not one of being available to S, such that he could have done other than he did on a particular occasion (as required by PAP(s) and W2), because, of course, they are not available. What this means is that alternate possibilities are necessary in some form for the ascription of moral responsibility but not necessarily in the form by which one could have acted otherwise on a given occasion, as the original formulation of PAP demands. The Founders agreed that all personsnot just citizensmust be included in the representation base for members of Congress. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. c) Russia and China are the only great nations at present which could survive a nuclear attack. Because of this, the original formulation of PAP is unnecessary. Despite the intricacies of some of these continuing debates, focus remains on PAP as a necessary condition for moral responsibility. The superego operates both unconsciously and . Thus, we cannot hope to avoid a nuclear armament race either by keeping secret from the competing nations the basic scientific facts of nuclear power or by cornering the raw materials required for such a race. Despite such objections, educators have continued to find Pedagogy of the Oppressed relevant and to adapt its arguments to their contemporary context. in 1952 and an LL.B. 13. In the latter case, alternative possibilities are used in a more hypothetical context to assess if S would have been affected by their availability to the point of selecting one of these options should they have been available. Question:Contemporaries who agreed with francks argument in the second and third paragraphs regarding the need for an international agreement would most likely have made which of the following arguments to support their position? , tions that representatives take on the basis of their party caucuses In the following sentence, underline the collective noun once. (1954) and S.J.d. Therefore, an international agreement is necessary to ensure that nuclear weapons are only used for deterrence purposes and never deployed in a conflict. Dennett's Luther Argument ("character examples"). England, France and the smaller nations of the European continent, with their congeries of people and industries would be in a particularly desperate situation in the face of such a threat. We believe that these considerations make the use of nuclear bombs for an early unannounced attack against Japan inadvisable. One thing is clear: any international agreement on prevention of nuclear armaments must be backed by actual and efficient controls. Contemporaries who agreed with Franck's argument in the second and third paragraphs regarding the need for an international agreement would most likely have made which of the following arguments to support their problem- The peace agreements should ensure that Germany could never threaten the stability of Europe again. In the context of Frankfurts scenario, which I am equating to W1, it is made clear that Jones did what he did irrespective of Blacks wishes, and therefore without the need for Blacks intervention. By Charles Yu. The Journal of Philosophy was founded in 1904 as The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology, and Scientific Methods by Frederick J. E. Woodbridge and J. McKeen Cattell. Now, while PAP(s) is not necessary for the attribution of moral responsibility, it could be argued that the necessity of alternate possibilities nevertheless remains, as evidenced by the twin world condition. Never mentioning Le Corbusier by name, Wright nonetheless references his contemporarys argument by using Le Corbusiers terms and ideas directly and responding (unfavorably) to them, but The Times introduction makes the connection to the earlier article by Le Corbusier perfectly clear, describing Wrights ideas as diametrically opposed to Le Corbusiers. Focusing on organic growth, Wright sees it as the natural next step for humanity to remove itself from busy city life based on (what he saw as) likely future innovations in transportation. We now consider the question of how an effective international control of nuclear armaments can be achieved. If the government should decide in favor of an early demonstration of nuclear weapons, it will then have the possibility of taking into account the public opinion of this country and of the other nations before deciding whether these weapons should be used against Japan. When Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier Had a Public Argument in The New York Times, All rights reserved. As a role for alternate possibilities is necessary in some form for the ascription of moral responsibility, and as different forms of this role are inherent within the two sufficient conditions described above, what is necessary for the ascription of moral responsibility is that one of these aforementioned sufficient conditions is satisfied. Example 1. Answer: Explanation: Background In 1938, a small group of German scientists accidentally discovered nuclear fission. Black is prepared to go to considerable lengths to get his way, but he prefers to avoid showing his hand unnecessarily. We feel compelled to take a more active stand now because the success which we have achieved in the development of nuclear power is fraught with infinitely greater dangers than were all the inventions of the past. Complete the sentence in a way that shows you understand the meaning of the italicized vocabulary word. Broadacre City: An Architects Vision Spread Wide and Integrated, It Will Solve the Traffic Problem and Make Life Richer, Says Frank Lloyd Wright was published in The New York Times on March 20, 1932. He then sets out, using his now famous counter-example involving Jones and Black, to show that PAP is false. Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier are both architects who were known for their grand and innovative ideasas well as for their high esteem for their own opinions. I follow this with a discussion on how PAP(s) is able to withstand the challenge set by Frankfurt-style scenarios, before moving on to consider a further sufficient condition for moral responsibility. Contemporaries who agreed with Franck's argument for an international agreement would likely argue that nuclear weapons pose a global threat that cannot be addressed by individual states alone. We therefore feel it is our duty to urge that the political problems, arising from the mastering of nuclear power, be recognized in all their gravity, and that appropriate steps be taken for their study and the preparation of necessary decisions. To illustrate: In twin world scenarios, all must be equal apart from the one thing that distinguishes each world from the other which, in this case, is the presence or absence of alternate possibilities. ), Faith, freedom, and rationality (pp. A nation able to assign 10 tons of atomic explosives for a sneak attack on this country, can then hope to achieve the destruction of all industry and most of the population in an area from 500 square miles upwards. By insisting on either of these conditions for the ascription of moral responsibility, we also preserve some role for alternate possibilities, thereby making it necessary that they feature in our moral decision making in some form or other. Explain the "Frankfurt case" of Jones & Black argument against PAP. What is collective representation? Shabo, S. (2011). In the scenario above, involving Jones and the counterfactual intervener, Black or even in similar Frankfurt-style scenarios arguably clauses (a) and (b) are violated. Oxford: Blackwell. Among all the arguments calling for an efficient international organization for peace, the existence of nuclear weapons is the most compelling one. Most arguments for God's existence start from something we observe in the world that logically infer God as the cause of these observable effects (e.g. Complete the sentence by inferring information about the italicized word from its context. His dreams of a certain amount of land for each person have been realized to a point in American suburbs, but many of these bedroom communities lack the amenities on which Wright would have insisted. But the ontological argument starts, not with what we observe, but with the very idea of God and says that this idea entails that . The correct option is B. Truman's goal was not to destroy Japanese culture or people but to destroy Japan's ability to wage war. He can place his "infernal machines" in advance in all our major cities and explode them simultaneously, thus destroying a major part of our industry and a large part of our population, aggregated in densely populated metropolitan districts. But in each scenario, S is also morally responsible for E in W1 in virtue of the fact that Ss action in W1 is congruent with Ss action in W2 (it is congruent with what S would have done in a world with alternate possibilities). This means that, ceteris paribus, what S would have done in W2 is what S would do in W1 in the absence of intervention, otherwise the coherence of the twin world scenario falls apart. (b) What conflict does this decision set up between the father and mother? b) All are principals. Such an agreement would also create a system of verification and disarmament that would prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and reduce the risk of nuclear war.

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